期刊
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS
卷 15, 期 5, 页码 747-758出版社
IEEE COMPUTER SOC
DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2009.31
关键词
Health; virtual reality; volume rendering; blood
资金
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders of the National Institutes of Health [1 R01 DC06458-01A1]
We present techniques to improve visual realism in an interactive surgical simulation application: a mastoidectomy simulator that offers a training environment for medical residents as a complement to using a cadaver. As well as displaying the mastoid bone through volume rendering, the simulation allows users to experience haptic feedback and appropriate sound cues while controlling a virtual bone drill and suction/irrigation device. The techniques employed to improve realism consist of a fluid simulator and a shading model. The former allows for deformable boundaries based on volumetric bone data, while the latter gives a wet look to the rendered bone to emulate more closely the appearance of the bone in a surgical environment. The fluid rendering includes bleeding effects, meniscus rendering, and refraction. We incorporate a planar computational fluid dynamics simulation into our three-dimensional rendering to effect realistic blood diffusion. Maintaining real-time performance while drilling away bone in the simulation is critical for engagement with the system.
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