TEM Analyses of the Local Crystal and Domain Structures in (Na1-xKx)0.5Bi0.5TiO3 Perovskite Ceramics

The local crystal and domain structures of the (Na1-xKx)(0.5)Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT-KBT) solid solutions were studied because of their influence on the enhanced electromechanical properties of ceramics. Based on X-ray diffraction, the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) was determined for the composition x = 0.20, in which the rhombohedral and the tetragonal structures were observed to coexist. However, detailed domain-structure analyses using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), performed on the NBT, KBT, and five NBT-KBT solid-solution compositions, revealed some structural changes at/near the MPB. In the samples on the tetragonal side of the MPB, the grains showed a lamellar domain structure with 90 degrees orientations of the individual domains, separated by straight domain boundaries, i.e., (011)/(101) twin planes. The rhombohedral samples on the other side of the MPB showed a typical square-net pattern with needle-like or lamellar similar to 71 degrees/109 degrees rhombohedral domains with (001) and/or (110) twin planes separating the individual domains. The domain structure at the MPB showed well-defined lamellar domains. Based on the occurrence of the superstructure reflections in the SAED patterns of various crystallographic zones, on the characteristic splitting of the reflections, and on the domain morphology observations, the crystal structure in/near the boundary region was determined to be a tetragonal structure with an in-phase oxygen octahedral tilt system (probably a(0)a(0)c(+)). It is suggested that the tetragonal polar order is partly induced from the rhombohedral structure at the MPB as a result of mechanical loading during TEM sample preparation.