期刊
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
卷 109, 期 -, 页码 177-184出版社
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.07.006
关键词
Low copper content; Thymol; Eugenol; Guaiacol; Antifouling paints
资金
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET)
- Comision de Investigaciones Cientificas de la provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA)
- Universidad Nacional de La Plata
Cuprous oxide is the most commonly used biocide in antifouling paints. However, copper has harmful effects not only on the fouling community but also on non-target species. In the current study, we investigated the use of thymol, eugenol and guaiacol in this role combined with small quantities of copper. Phenolic compounds were tested for anti-settlement activity against cyprid larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite and for their toxicity to nauplius larvae. Thymol, eugenol and guaiacol were active for anti-settlement but guaiacol had the disadvantage of being toxic to nauplius larvae. However, all of them showed therapeutic ratio>1. Antifouling paints with thymol (low copper content/thymol, LCP/T), eugenol (low copper content/eugenol, LCP/E) and guaiacol (low copper content/guaiacol, LCP/G) combined with small copper content were formulated for field trials. After 12 months exposure in the sea, statistical analysis revealed that LCP/T and LCP/E paints were the most effective combinations and had similar performances to control paints with high copper content (traditional cuprous oxide based paints). In contrast, LCP/G paint was only partially effective in preventing and inhibiting biofouling and was colonized by some hard and soft foulers. However, this antifouling paint was effective against calcareous tubeworm Hydroides elegans. In the light of various potential applications, thymol, eugenol and guaiacol have thus to be considered in future antifouling formulations. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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