Remote sensing of the energy of auroral electrons in Saturn's atmosphere: Hubble and Cassini spectral observations

Saturn's north ultraviolet aurora has been successfully observed twice between March and May 2011 with the STIS long-slit spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope. Spatially resolved spectra at similar to 12 angstrom spectral resolution have been collected at different local times from dawn to dusk to determine the amount of hydrocarbon absorption. For this purpose, the HST telescope slewed across the auroral oval from mid-latitudes up to beyond the limb while collecting spectral data in the timetag mode. Spectral images of the north ultraviolet aurora were obtained within minutes and hours with the UVIS spectrograph on board Cassini. Several daytime sectors and one nightside location were observed and showed signatures of weak absorption by methane present in (or above) the layer of the auroral emission. No absorption from other hydrocarbons (e.g. C2H2) has been detected. For the absorbed spectra, the overlying slant CH4 column varies from 3 x 10(15) to 2 x 10(16) cm(-2), but no clear dependence on local time is identified. A Monte Carlo electron transport model is used to calculate the vertical distribution of the H-2 emission and to relate the observed spectra to the energy of the primary auroral electrons. Assuming electron precipitation with a Maxwellian energy distribution into a standard model atmosphere, we find that the mean energy ranges from less than 3 to similar to 10 key. These results are compared with previous determinations of the energy of Saturn's aurora based on ultraviolet spectra and limb images. We conclude that the energies derived from spectral methods are higher that those deduced from the nightside limb images using current atmospheric models. We emphasize the need for more realistic model atmospheres with temperature and hydrocarbon distributions appropriate to high-latitude conditions. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.