期刊
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES
卷 22, 期 24, 页码 4789-4801出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7099
关键词
Water temperature fluctuations; water energy budget; evaporation; aquatic insect ecology; malaria mosquito immatures; shallow water
资金
- Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (NWO/WOTRO) [W93-409]
Water temperature is an important determinant of the growth and development of malaria mosquito immatures. To gain a better understanding of the daily temperature dynamics of malaria mosquito breeding sites and of the relationships between meteorological variables and water temperature, three clear water pools (diameter x depth: 0.16 x 0.04, 0.32 x 0.16 and 0-96 x 0.32 in) were created in Kenya. Continuous water temperature measurements at various depths were combined with weather data collections from a meteorological station. The water pools were homothermic, but the top water layer differed by up to about 2 degrees C in temperature, depending on weather conditions. Although the daily mean temperature of all water pools was similar (27.4-28.1 degrees C) the average recorded difference between the daily minimum and maximum temperature was 14.4 degrees C in the smallest versus 7.1 degrees C in the largest water pool. Average water temperature corresponded well with various meteorological variables. The temperature of each water pool was continuously higher than the air temperature. A model was developed that predicts the diurnal water temperature dynamics accurately, based on the estimated energy budget components of these water pools. The air-water interface appeared the most important boundary for energy exchange processes and on average 82-89% of the total energy was gained and lost at this boundary. Besides energy loss to longwave radiation, loss due to evaporation was high; the average estimated daily evaporation ranged from 4.2 mm in the smallest to 3.7 mm in the largest water pool. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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