A high-resolution stalagmite record of the Holocene East Asian monsoon from Mt Shennongjia, central China

High-resolution oxygen isotope (delta O-18) profiles of six stalagmites from Sanbao Cave in Hubei province, central China, established with 1413 oxygen isotope data and 65 Th-230 ages, provide a continuous history of East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) intensity for the period from 13-0.2 thousand years before present (ky BP, relative to AD 1950). The delta O-18 record includes four distinct stages in the evolution of the EASM: (1) an abrupt transition (similar to 11.5 ky BP) into the Holocene; (2) a period of gradual increase in monsoon intensity (11.5-9.5 ky BP); (3) the maximum humid period (9.5-6.5 ky BP); and (4) a period of gradual decline in monsoon intensity (6.5-0.2 ky BP). Comparison of Sanbao with regional records of comparable resolution reveals that the timing of the beginning and end of the Holocene Optimum ( as defined by the minimum in delta O-18) was similar in the Indian and East Asian monsoon systems. This supports the idea that shifts in the monsoon tied to shifts in the mean position of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) may control monsoon intensity throughout the entire low-latitude region of Asia on orbital timescales. This observation also supports the idea that the fluctuations in d18O recorded across southern Asia reflect broad changes in the monsoon, as opposed to local meteoric precipitation. The EASM records from Sanbao largely follow orbital-scale insolation changes, yet exhibit similar variability to Greenland ice core delta O-18 on millennial to centennial scales during the early to middle Holocene (r = 0.94).