The heart in m.3243A>G carriers

Objectives Little is known about cardiac involvement in m.3243A>G variant carriers. Thus, this study aimed to assess type and frequency of cardiac disease in symptomatic and asymptomatic m.3243A>G carriers. Methods Systematic literature review. Results The m.3243A>G variant may manifest phenotypically as mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD), myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fiber (MERRF), Leigh syndrome, or MELAS/KSS (Kearns-Sayre syndrome) overlap. Only few systematic studies which prospectively investigated m.3243A>G carriers for cardiac involvement were found. Cardiac abnormalities reported in m.3243A>G carriers include myocardial abnormalities, arrhythmias, or conduction defects. Myocardial abnormalities include myocardial thickening, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, noncompaction, myocardial fibrosis, systolic dysfunction, heart failure, or arterial hypertension. Arrhythmias reported in m.3243A>G carriers include paroxysmal supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias, including sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, and sudden cardiac death. Conduction defects in this group of patients include Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and left/right bundle branch block. Asymptomatic m.3243A>G carriers usually do not develop clinical or subclinical cardiac disease. Conclusions Cardiac involvement in m.3243A>G carriers has been only rarely systematically studied, which is perhaps why the incidence of cardiac diseases in MELAS is lower than would be expected. Myocardial abnormalities are much more frequent than arrhythmias or conduction defects. All symptomatic and asymptomatic m.3243A>G carriers should be systematically investigated for cardiac disease.