Intraregional variation among Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae) strains from southern Chile: Morphological, toxicological and genetic diversity

Morphological, toxicological and phylogenetic analyses, using the partial LSU gene and internal spacer (ITS) regions of the rDNA gene, were combined to evaluate the intraregional diversity of Alexandrium catenella occurring along the southern coast of Chile. Twenty-two strains isolated from different localities along the wide area of distribution of the species (from 42 degrees S to 55 degrees S) were examined by these three approaches. Morphologically, although the strains showed diagnostic characters according to the species definition, variations in these traits within and between strains were also observed. The absence of an apical or posterior attachment pore, for instance, was observed mainly in old isolates. Indirect connection between the apical and 1' plates, traits normally seen in other species of the same genus, was also noted in some strains. However, the lack of a ventral pore on the 1' plate was one of the most distinctive characteristics present in all the Chilean strains. Toxicologically, the Chilean strains were characterized by the dominance of N-sulfocarbamate (C1,2) and gonyautoxins (GTX1-4), but also by the scarcity or absence of saxitoxin. Considering the dominance of these toxins in each strain, at least two distinctive toxin patterns were distinguished. Through rDNA sequence analysis, the Chilean strains were segregated as part of Clade I (North American) of the Alexandrium tamarense species complex. Nevertheless, significant genetic diversity was also observed among the Chilean strains, especially using ITS sequences. Through these three approaches, Chilean strains of A. catenella showed significant intraregional variability, which is appropriate for a native species. However, the distribution of its genetic diversity seems to be inconsistent with the apparent northward expansion observed along the west coast of South America. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.