Papers in Virology

Article Microbiology

Anatomy promotes neutral coexistence of strains in the human skin microbiome

Arolyn Conwill, Anne C. Kuan, Ravalika Damerla, Alexandra J. Poret, Jacob S. Baker, A. Delphine Tripp, Eric J. Alm, Tami D. Lieberman

Summary: The coexistence of Cutibacterium acnes strains on human skin can be explained by the random single-cell bottlenecks imposed by pore anatomy.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Review Virology

The role of microRNAs in solving COVID-19 puzzle from infection to therapeutics: A mini-review

Sujay Paul, Luis Alberto Bravo Vazquez, Paula Roxana Reyes-Perez, Carolina Estrada-Meza, Rafael Arturo Aponte Alburquerque, Surajit Pathak, Antara Banerjee, Anindya Bandyopadhyay, Samik Chakraborty, Aashish Srivastava

Summary: This article explores the clinical relevance and biological roles of miRNAs in COVID-19. It suggests that miRNAs could serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for this disease, aiding in diagnosis and treatment.

VIRUS RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Neutralization and durability of 2 or 3 doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine against Omicron SARS-CoV-2

Hongjie Xia, Jing Zou, Chaitanya Kurhade, Hui Cai, Qi Yang, Mark Cutler, David Cooper, Alexander Muik, Kathrin U. Jansen, Xuping Xie, Kena A. Swanson, Pei-Yong Shi

Summary: Two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine demonstrate high efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and also provide neutralization against Omicron SARS-CoV-2. The study shows that the neutralization response improves with the third dose, but decreases slightly after four months.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Article Virology

An antibody-escape estimator for mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain

Allison J. Greaney, Tyler N. Starr, Jesse D. Bloom

Summary: This study develops an "escape estimator" by aggregating deep mutational scanning data to predict the impact of viral mutations on antibody recognition and score the antigenic effect of mutation combinations. The scores from the estimator correlate with neutralization assays, highlighting the concerning antigenic properties of the Omicron variant.

VIRUS EVOLUTION (2022)

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Letter Virology

The electrostatic potential of the Omicron variant spike is higher than in Delta and Delta-plus variants: A hint to higher transmissibility?

Stefano Pascarella, Massimo Ciccozzi, Martina Bianchi, Domenico Benvenuto, Roberto Cauda, Antonio Cassone

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2022)

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Review Virology

A brief review on DNA vaccines in the era of COVID-19

Maryam Shafaati, Massoud Saidijam, Meysam Soleimani, Fereshte Hazrati, Rasoul Mirzaei, Bagher Amirheidari, Hamid Tanzadehpanah, Sajad Karampoor, Sima Kazemi, Bahram Yavari, Hanie Mahaki, Mohsen Safaei, Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh, Pouria Samadi, Yaghoub Ahmadyousefi

Summary: This article provides an overview of DNA vaccines, covering design strategies, industrial production issues, immunogenicity enhancement, delivery methods, COVID-19 trials, and advantages and obstacles of DNA vaccines.

FUTURE VIROLOGY (2022)

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Review Virology

Mucosal Vaccines, Sterilizing Immunity, and the Future of SARS-CoV-2 Virulence

Daniele Focosi, Fabrizio Maggi, Arturo Casadevall

Summary: This article discusses the importance of achieving sterilizing immunity through vaccination to prevent the spread of infection from vaccinees, particularly in hospital settings. It also explores the potential implications of sterilizing immunity for animal reservoirs and public health.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis contributes to skin barrier homeostasis ceramides

Yue Zheng, Rachelle L. Hunt, Amer E. Villaruz, Emilie L. Fisher, Ryan Liu, Qian Liu, Gordon Y. C. Cheung, Min Li, Michael Otto

Summary: A study reveals the contribution of the skin commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis in maintaining the integrity of the skin barrier. The bacterium secretes a sphingomyelinase that provides essential nutrients for the bacteria and assists the host in producing ceramides, which play a crucial role in preventing skin dehydration and aging.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Article Immunology

Impaired antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination in advanced HIV infection

Nolan Hassold, Segolene Brichler, Elise Ouedraogo, Delphine Leclerc, Sophie Carroue, Yamina Gater, Chakib Alloui, Etienne Carbonnelle, Olivier Bouchaud, Frederic Mechai, Hugues Cordel, Heloise Delagreverie

Summary: This study analyzed the seroconversion rates and antibody titers in people with HIV (PWH) and impaired CD4(+) T-cell counts after receiving two doses of COVID-19 vaccine. The results showed that PWH with CD4(+) T-cell counts less than 500 cells/μl had significantly lower seroconversion rates and antibody titers compared to those with counts greater than 500 cells/μl, suggesting the need for targeted vaccine strategies in this population.

AIDS (2022)

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Review Virology

Emerging evidence on Omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 variant

Vineet Sharma, Himanshu Rai, Dev N. S. Gautam, Pradeep K. Prajapati, Rohit Sharma

Summary: The Omicron variant of COVID-19 has been detected in 149 countries and is spreading rapidly. It has become the dominant variant in South Africa and is causing a surge in cases in countries like the United Kingdom and the United States. Initial research suggests that vaccines may still be effective against the variant, but more investigation is needed to understand its real-world impact.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2022)

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Review Microbiology

Rethinking healthy eating in light of the gut microbiome

Anissa M. Armet, Edward C. Deehan, Aidan F. O'Sullivan, Joao F. Mota, Catherine J. Field, Carla M. Prado, Alice J. Lucey, Jens Walter

Summary: Given the importance of the gut microbiota in the physiological effects of diet and chronic disease etiology, this review discusses contemporary nutritional recommendations from a microbiome science perspective. It also proposes integrating the microbiome into nutrition research to improve and innovate healthy eating.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.75 variant

Akatsuki Saito, Tomokazu Tamura, Jiri Zahradnik, Sayaka Deguchi, Koshiro Tabata, Yuki Anraku, Izumi Kimura, Jumpei Ito, Daichi Yamasoba, Hesham Nasser, Mako Toyoda, Kayoko Nagata, Keiya Uriu, Yusuke Kosugi, Shigeru Fujita, Maya Shofa, Mst Monira Begum, Ryo Shimizu, Yoshitaka Oda, Rigel Suzuki, Hayato Ito, Naganori Nao, Lei Wang, Masumi Tsuda, Kumiko Yoshimatsu, Jin Kuramochi, Shunsuke Kita, Kaori Sasaki-Tabata, Hideo Fukuhara, Katsumi Maenaka, Yuki Yamamoto, Tetsuharu Nagamoto, Hiroyuki Asakura, Mami Nagashima, Kenji Sadamasu, Kazuhisa Yoshimura, Takamasa Ueno, Gideon Schreiber, Akifumi Takaori-Kondo, Kotaro Shirakawa, Hirofumi Sawa, Takashi Irie, Takao Hashiguchi, Kazuo Takayama, Keita Matsuno, Shinya Tanaka, Terumasa Ikeda, Takasuke Fukuhara, Kei Sato

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.75 variant, emerged in May 2022, demonstrates distinct virological properties compared to its ancestors BA.2 and BA.5. It exhibits higher effective reproduction number and sensitivity to antibodies, as well as greater affinity for the human receptor ACE2 and pathogenicity in hamsters.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Review Virology

Global prevalence and genotype distribution of norovirus infection in children with gastroenteritis: A meta-analysis on 6 years of research from 2015 to 2020

Mohammad Farahmand, Mohsen Moghoofei, Abolfazl Dorost, Zabihollah Shoja, Saied Ghorbani, Seyed Jalal Kiani, Pegah Khales, Abdoulreza Esteghamati, Shirin Sayyahfar, Mehrzad Jafarzadeh, Sara Minaeian, Khadijeh Khanaliha, Mehri Naghdalipour, Ahmad Tavakoli

Summary: This study revealed a significant association between norovirus (NoV) infection and gastroenteritis in children, with a substantial global burden of gastroenteritis caused by NoV, predominantly by the GII.4 and GII.3 genotypes. Younger age and male sex were identified as risk factors for NoV-associated gastroenteritis among children.

REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Pre-existing humoral immunity to human common cold coronaviruses negatively impacts the protective SARS-CoV-2 antibody response

Chun-Yang Lin, Joshua Wolf, David C. Brice, Yilun Sun, Macauley Locke, Sean Cherry, Ashley H. Castellaw, Marie Wehenkel, Jeremy Chase Crawford, Veronika Zarnitsyna, Daniel Duque, Kim J. Allison, E. Kaitlynn Allen, Scott A. Brown, Alexandra H. Mandarano, Jeremie H. Estepp, Charles Taylor, Carmen Molina-Paris, Stacey Schultz-Cherry, Li Tang, Paul G. Thomas, Maureen A. McGargill

Summary: This study found that prior immunity to common cold coronaviruses does not affect protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Instead, higher levels of pre-existing betacoronavirus antibodies are associated with more severe disease following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, immunization with common cold coronavirus spike proteins hinders the generation of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Article Virology

The A137R Protein of African Swine Fever Virus Inhibits Type I Interferon Production via the Autophagy-Mediated Lysosomal Degradation of TBK1

Maowen Sun, Shaoxiong Yu, Hailiang Ge, Tao Wang, Yongfeng Li, Pingping Zhou, Li Pan, Yu Han, Yuying Yang, Yuan Sun, Su Li, Lian-Feng Li, Hua-Ji Qiu

Summary: African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal viral disease of pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). A recent study found that deleting the A137R gene in ASFV attenuates its virulence and promotes the expression of type I interferon (IFN) in primary porcine alveolar macrophages. The A137R protein negatively regulates the cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-beta signaling pathway through the autophagy-mediated lysosomal degradation of TBK1. This study enhances the understanding of ASFV immunoevasion strategies and provides new insights for the development of live attenuated ASF vaccines.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2022)

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Review Virology

Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Review

Harapan Harapan, Youdiil Ophinni, Dewi Megawati, Andri Frediansyah, Sukamto S. Mamada, Mirnawati Salampe, Talha Bin Emran, Wira Winardi, Raisha Fathima, Salin Sirinam, Pichamon Sittikul, Ana M. Stoian, Firzan Nainu, Malik Sallam

Summary: The multi-country monkeypox outbreak in humans in 2022 has added a new public health challenge on top of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The disease has spread to 104 countries across six continents, with North America and Europe being the most affected. The monkeypox virus (MPXV) has been known since 1959 and has been reported to be virulent among humans since the 1970s, primarily in endemic countries in West and Central Africa. However, the disease has re-emerged at an unprecedented rate in 2022, raising concerns about its human-to-human transmission and community spread in non-endemic regions. It is crucial for healthcare workers, public health policymakers, and the general public to be well-informed about this neglected viral disease. This comprehensive overview provides information on the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of monkeypox. It also discusses preventive and control measures, the latest vaccine developments, and future research areas for this re-emerging viral disease that has been declared a public health emergency of international concern.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2022)

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Review Microbiology

Advances and gaps in SARS-CoV-2 infection models

Cesar Munoz-Fontela, Lina Widerspick, Randy A. Albrecht, Martin Beer, Miles W. Carroll, Emmie de Wit, Michael S. Diamond, William E. Dowling, Simon G. P. Funnell, Adolfo Garcia-Sastre, Nora M. Gerhards, Rineke de Jong, Vincent J. Munster, Johan Neyts, Stanley Perlman, Douglas S. Reed, Juergen A. Richt, Ximena Riveros-Balta, Chad J. Roy, Francisco J. Salguero, Michael Schotsaert, Lauren M. Schwartz, Robert A. Seder, Joaquim Segales, Seshadri S. Vasan, Ana Maria Henao-Restrepo, Dan H. Barouch

Summary: Animal models play a crucial role in evaluating the virulence, transmission, and immune escape of SARS-CoV-2 variants and are continuously being improved to better replicate the demographic characteristics of COVID-19.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2022)

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Review Virology

The role of type I interferon in the treatment of COVID-19

Fatemeh Sodeifian, Mahsa Nikfarjam, Naghmeh Kian, Kawthar Mohamed, Nima Rezaei

Summary: Research has shown that IFNs have a protective effect against SARS-CoV-2 in the early stages, but may cause immunopathology and long-lasting harm in the severe inflammatory phase. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the optimal timing for IFN administration.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2022)

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Article Virology

An Update of Orthopoxvirus Molecular Evolution

Igor V. Babkin, Irina N. Babkina, Nina V. Tikunova

Summary: The molecular evolution of orthopoxviruses was analyzed based on data from ancient VARV DNA and DNA of new orthopoxvirus species, estimating their emergence times. It was found that orthopoxviruses of the Old and New Worlds separated around 40,000 years ago, and recently discovered virus species separated around 10,000-20,000 years ago.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2022)

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Review Virology

Long-COVID Symptoms in Individuals Infected with Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Cesar Fernandez-de-las-Penas, Kin Israel Notarte, Princess Juneire Peligro, Jacqueline Veronica Velasco, Miguel Joaquin Ocampo, Brandon Michael Henry, Lars Arendt-Nielsen, Juan Torres-Macho, Gustavo Plaza-Manzano

Summary: This study compared the prevalence of long-COVID symptoms according to relevant SARS-CoV-2 variants in COVID-19 survivors, finding that individuals infected with the historical variant are more likely to develop long-COVID symptomatology, while patients infected with the Omicron variant have the lowest prevalence of long-COVID symptoms.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2022)

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Virology

Anatomy promotes neutral coexistence of strains in the human skin microbiome

The role of microRNAs in solving COVID-19 puzzle from infection to therapeutics: A mini-review

Neutralization and durability of 2 or 3 doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine against Omicron SARS-CoV-2

An antibody-escape estimator for mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain

The electrostatic potential of the Omicron variant spike is higher than in Delta and Delta-plus variants: A hint to higher transmissibility?

A brief review on DNA vaccines in the era of COVID-19

Mucosal Vaccines, Sterilizing Immunity, and the Future of SARS-CoV-2 Virulence

Commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis contributes to skin barrier homeostasis ceramides

Impaired antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination in advanced HIV infection

Emerging evidence on Omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 variant

Rethinking healthy eating in light of the gut microbiome

Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.75 variant

Global prevalence and genotype distribution of norovirus infection in children with gastroenteritis: A meta-analysis on 6 years of research from 2015 to 2020

Pre-existing humoral immunity to human common cold coronaviruses negatively impacts the protective SARS-CoV-2 antibody response

The A137R Protein of African Swine Fever Virus Inhibits Type I Interferon Production via the Autophagy-Mediated Lysosomal Degradation of TBK1

Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Review

Advances and gaps in SARS-CoV-2 infection models

The role of type I interferon in the treatment of COVID-19

An Update of Orthopoxvirus Molecular Evolution

Long-COVID Symptoms in Individuals Infected with Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern: A Systematic Review of the Literature

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