Urology & Nephrology

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Review Urology & Nephrology

The genetics of kidney stone disease and nephrocalcinosis

Prince Singh, Peter C. Harris, David J. Sas, John C. Lieske

Summary: Kidney stones, also known as urinary stones, are highly prevalent affecting around 10% of adults globally, with an increasing incidence. The formation of kidney stones is mainly due to an imbalance of inhibitors and promoters of crystallization. Most cases have a multifactorial etiology involving environmental, dietary, hormonal, and genetic components. Advances in high-throughput sequencing techniques have identified monogenic causes of kidney stones in up to 30% of children and 10% of adults, involving around 35 different genes.

NATURE REVIEWS NEPHROLOGY (2022)

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Article Urology & Nephrology

Incidence of Kidney Stones in the United States: The Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Alexander J. Hill, Spyridon P. Basourakos, Patrick Lewicki, Xian Wu, Camilo Arenas-Gallo, Debby Chuang, Donald Bodner, Irina Jaeger, Amihay Nevo, Michael Zell, Sarah C. Markt, Brian H. Eisner, Jonathan E. Shoag

Summary: This study assessed the incidence of kidney stones in the United States using national representative data. The 12-month incidence of kidney stones was found to be substantially higher than previous reports, with significant relationships identified between stone incidence and age, body mass index, race, and history of hypertension.

JOURNAL OF UROLOGY (2022)

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Article Transplantation

An update on the use of tolvaptan for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: consensus statement on behalf of the ERA Working Group on Inherited Kidney Disorders, the European Rare Kidney Disease Reference Network and Polycystic Kidney Disease International

Roman-Ulrich Mueller, A. Lianne Messchendorp, Henrik Birn, Giovambattista Capasso, Emilie Cornec-Le Gall, Olivier Devuyst, Albertien van Eerde, Patrick Guirchoun, Tess Harris, Ewout J. Hoorn, Nine V. A. M. Knoers, Uwe Korst, Djalila Mekahli, Yannick Le Meur, Tom Nijenhuis, Albert C. M. Ong, John A. Sayer, Franz Schaefer, Aude Servais, Vladimir Tesar, Roser Torra, Stephen B. Walsh, Ron T. Gansevoort

Summary: Approval of tolvaptan for ADPKD has transformed patient care and shifted focus from general measures to targeting disease-specific mechanisms. Evidence-based approaches are crucial due to long-term nature of treatment and potential side effects.

NEPHROLOGY DIALYSIS TRANSPLANTATION (2022)

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Article Oncology

Predicting high-grade prostate cancer at initial biopsy: clinical performance of the ExoDx (EPI) Prostate Intelliscore test in three independent prospective studies

Erik Margolis, Gordon Brown, Alan Partin, Ballentine Carter, James McKiernan, Ronald Tutrone, Phillipp Torkler, Christian Fischer, Vasisht Tadigotla, Mikkel Noerholm, Michael J. Donovan, Johan Skog

Summary: The EPI test is a reliable noninvasive method that can discriminate between high-grade prostate cancer, low-grade cancer, and benign diseases. By pooling data from three independent studies, it was found that the EPI test performs better in distinguishing between prostate cancer pathologies (GG1 and GG2 and above).

PROSTATE CANCER AND PROSTATIC DISEASES (2022)

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Article Urology & Nephrology

Is off-clamp robot-assisted partial nephrectomy beneficial for renal function? Data from the CLOCK trial

Alessandro Antonelli, Luca Cindolo, Marco Sandri, Alessandro Veccia, Filippo Annino, Francesco Bertagna, Marco Carini, Antonio Celia, Carlo D'Orta, Bernardino De Concilio, Maria Furlan, Valentina Giommoni, Manuela Ingrosso, Andrea Mari, Roberto Nucciotti, Catia Olianti, Angelo Porreca, Giulia Primiceri, Luigi Schips, Francesco Sessa, Pierluigi Bove, Claudio Simeone, Andrea Minervini

Summary: The study compared the functional outcomes of on- vs off-clamp robot-assisted partial nephrectomy within a randomized controlled trial. The results showed no significant differences in functional outcomes for the two approaches in patients with normal baseline function and two kidneys.

BJU INTERNATIONAL (2022)

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Article Transplantation

Safety and efficacy of dapagliflozin in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a prespecified analysis of the dapagliflozin and prevention of adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease (DAPA-CKD) trial

David C. Wheeler, Niels Jongs, Bergur Stefansson, Glenn M. Chertow, Tom Greene, Fan Fan Hou, Anna Maria Langkilde, John J. McMurray, Peter Rossing, Michal Nowicki, Istvan Wittmann, Ricardo Correa-Rotter, C. David Sjostrom, Robert D. Toto, Hiddo J. L. Heerspink

Summary: In a study involving FSGS patients, dapagliflozin was found to reduce the rate of chronic eGFR decline compared to placebo, although this difference was not statistically significant.

NEPHROLOGY DIALYSIS TRANSPLANTATION (2022)

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Article Transplantation

Acute kidney injury as a risk factor for mortality in oncological patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors

Clara Garcia-Carro, Monica Bolufer, Roxana Bury, Zaira Cataneda, Eva Munoz, Enriqueta Felip, David Lorente, Maria Josep Carreras, Alejandra Gabaldon, Irene Agraz, Daniel Seron, Maria Jose Soler

Summary: According to the study, 15.5% of patients undergoing immunotherapy developed AKI. Age and baseline renal function were identified as independent risk factors for CPI-related AKI. A single AKI episode was recognized as an independent risk factor for mortality in these patients.

NEPHROLOGY DIALYSIS TRANSPLANTATION (2022)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

Allorecognition and the spectrum of kidney transplant rejection

Jasper Callemeyn, Baptiste Lamarthee, Alice Koenig, Priyanka Koshy, Olivier Thaunat, Maarten Naesens

Summary: The detection of mismatched human leukocyte antigens by adaptive immune cells is the main cause of transplant rejection. However, recent observations have questioned the traditional dichotomy between T-cell mediated rejection and antibody-mediated rejection, leading to a need for a more integrated view of kidney transplant rejection. This review highlights the gaps in the current classification of rejection, provides an overview of the expanding insights into the mechanisms of allorecognition, and discusses how these insights could improve our understanding and clinical approach to kidney transplant rejection.

KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL (2022)

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Article Transplantation

Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK Study: a prospective, multicentre cohort study

Michael K. Sullivan, Jennifer S. Lees, Thomas M. Drake, Annemarie B. Docherty, Georgia Oates, Hayley E. Hardwick, Clark D. Russell, Laura Merson, Jake Dunning, Jonathan S. Nguyen-Van-Tam, Peter Openshaw, Ewen M. Harrison, J. Kenneth Baillie, Malcolm G. Semple, Antonia Ho, Patrick B. Mark

Summary: This study investigated the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and found that AKI was common and associated with an increased risk of mortality. Chronic kidney disease, male sex, and Black race were identified as main risk factors for AKI and acute kidney replacement therapy.

NEPHROLOGY DIALYSIS TRANSPLANTATION (2022)

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Article Urology & Nephrology

Real-World Effectiveness and Immunogenicity of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Patients on Hemodialysis

Scott Sibbel, Katherine McKeon, Jiacong Luo, Karl Wendt, Adam G. Walker, Tara Kelley, Rachael Lazar, Meredith L. Zywno, Jeffrey J. Connaire, Francesca Tentori, Amy Young, Steven M. Brunelli

Summary: A retrospective observational study in the United States found that vaccination with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 in hemodialysis patients was associated with a lower risk of COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalization, and death. Nearly all vaccinated patients developed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY (2022)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

Kidney and heart failure outcomes associated with SGLT2 inhibitor use

Annemarie B. Van der Aart-van der Beek, Rudolf A. de Boer, Hiddo J. L. Heerspink

Summary: Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are effective drugs for treating chronic kidney disease and heart failure, not only in patients with diabetes but also in other subgroups. SGLT2 inhibitors can also reduce the risk of anemia and hyperkalemia in CKD patients.

NATURE REVIEWS NEPHROLOGY (2022)

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Letter Urology & Nephrology

Suboptimal antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant after third dose of mRNA vaccine in kidney transplant recipients

Ayman Al Jurdi, Rodrigo B. Gassen, Thiago J. Borges, Isadora T. Lape, Leela Morena, Orhan Efe, Zhabiz Solhjou, Rania El Fekih, Christa Deban, Brigid Bohan, Vikram Pattanayak, Camille N. Kotton, Jamil R. Azzi, Leonardo V. Riella

KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL (2022)

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Article Urology & Nephrology

Global Trends in Incidence and Burden of Urolithiasis from 1990 to 2019: An Analysis of Global Burden of Disease Study Data

Jacob Lang, Aparna Narendrula, Ahmed El-Zawahry, Puneet Sindhwani, Obi Ekwenna

Summary: Globally, the number of cases, DALYs, and deaths attributed to urolithiasis has increased since 1990, while age-standardized rates have decreased. There are regional and sociodemographic variations in the burden of urolithiasis, with Eastern Europe consistently having a higher age-standardized incidence rate and the Caribbean showing the highest average annual percentage change.

EUROPEAN UROLOGY OPEN SCIENCE (2022)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

Epidemiology and risk of cardiovascular disease in populations with chronic kidney disease

Kunihiro Matsushita, Shoshana H. Ballew, Angela Yee-Moon Wang, Robert Kalyesubula, Elke Schaeffner, Rajiv Agarwal

Summary: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including various CVD outcomes. Multidisciplinary care is needed to effectively manage CVD risk in CKD patients, with attention to addressing current research and implementation gaps.

NATURE REVIEWS NEPHROLOGY (2022)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

Prognostic and predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma

Matteo Rosellini, Andrea Marchetti, Veronica Mollica, Alessandro Rizzo, Matteo Santoni, Francesco Massari

Summary: The approval of immunotherapy agents has revolutionized the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, but biomarkers to predict immunotherapy response are urgently needed. Currently available prognostic models are based on clinical and laboratory factors, but new molecular features might improve disease prediction. Effective markers for guiding therapeutic strategies still need validation.

NATURE REVIEWS UROLOGY (2023)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

Pathophysiology and Management of Hyperoxaluria and Oxalate Nephropathy: A Review

Nathalie Demoulin, Selda Aydin, Valentine Gillion, Johann Morelle, Michel Jadoul

Summary: Hyperoxaluria can result from metabolic disorders or abnormal intestinal absorption, leading to calcium oxalate supersaturation in urine and crystal formation, which causes urolithiasis and deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidney. The understanding of this condition has improved, but delayed diagnosis and poor prognosis are still common. New targeted therapeutic approaches are being developed for primary hyperoxaluria, while management of secondary hyperoxaluria includes addressing underlying factors and calcium supplementation. Prompt recognition and management are crucial for improving outcomes.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES (2022)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

The 2022 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs-Part B: Prostate and Urinary Tract Tumors

George J. Netto, Mahul B. Amin, Daniel M. Berney, Eva M. Comperat, Anthony J. Gill, Arndt Hartmann, Santosh Menon, Maria R. Raspollini, Mark A. Rubin, John R. Srigley, Puay Hoon Tan, Satish K. Tickoo, Toyonori Tsuzuki, Samra Turajlic, Ian Cree, Holger Moch

Summary: This article introduces the latest classification of urinary and male genital tumors by the World Health Organization in 2022, providing a comprehensive update on the diagnosis and prognostic progress of these tumors.

EUROPEAN UROLOGY (2022)

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Article Urology & Nephrology

The Impact of Vaccination on Incidence and Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients with Kidney Failure in Scotland

Samira Bell, Jacqueline Campbell, Emilie Lambourg, Chrissie Watters, Martin O'Neil, Alison Almond, Katharine Buck, Edward J. Carr, Laura Clark, Zoe Cousland, Mark Findlay, Nicola Joss, Wendy Metcalfe, Michaela Petrie, Elaine Spalding, Jamie P. Traynor, Vinod Sanu, Peter Thomson, Shona Methven, Patrick B. Mark

Summary: The study in Scotland found that 93% of KRT-treated patients had received two doses of an approved COVID-19 vaccine, but the effectiveness of the vaccine against infection and hospitalization was only 33% and 38%, respectively. Fully vaccinated patients had higher mortality rates and additional strategies are urgently needed to reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection and complications in this population.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY (2022)

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Article Urology & Nephrology

Pre-existing Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer-like Cells in Primary Prostate Cancer Promote Resistance to Hormonal Therapy

Qing Cheng, William Butler, Yinglu Zhou, Hong Zhang, Lu Tang, Kathryn Perkinson, Xufeng Chen, Xiaoyin ''Sara'' Jiang, Shannon J. McCall, Brant A. Inman, Jiaoti Huang

Summary: Pre-existing castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)-like cells are present in early-stage prostate cancer and are not solely the result of adaptation to androgen deprivation therapy. Patients with increased pre-existing neuroendocrine and CRPC-like cells may rapidly develop resistance to androgen deprivation therapy and may require early intervention.

EUROPEAN UROLOGY (2022)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

The lupus nephritis management renaissance

Juan M. Mejia-Vilet, Ana Malvar, Arnon Arazi, Brad H. Rovin

Summary: This article discusses the approval of two drugs by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of lupus nephritis (LN), and emphasizes the need to rethink the overall management strategy of LN, including utilizing kidney biopsies for management, applying molecular technologies to interrogate biopsy data, and incorporating LN biomarkers into management paradigms.

KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL (2022)

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