Urology & Nephrology

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Review Urology & Nephrology

The fibrogenic niche in kidney fibrosis: components and mechanisms

Li Li, Haiyan Fu, Youhua Liu

Summary: Kidney fibrosis, the final outcome of chronic kidney diseases, is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). The fibrogenic niche, a unique tissue microenvironment, plays a crucial role in promoting fibroblast activation and organ fibrosis. Understanding the composition and mechanisms of the fibrogenic niche may lead to the development of non-invasive biomarkers and novel therapies for kidney diseases.

NATURE REVIEWS NEPHROLOGY (2022)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

An Updated Systematic Review on Focal Therapy in Localized Prostate Cancer: What Has Changed over the Past 5 Years?

Jana S. Hopstaken, Joyce G. R. Bomers, Michiel J. P. Sedelaar, Massimo Valerio, Jurgen J. Futterer, Maroeska M. Rovers

Summary: Focal therapy for prostate cancer has shown potential with less impact on continence and potency compared to radical treatment. High-intensity focused ultrasound and photodynamic therapy have shown promising results, but more high-quality evidence is needed for it to become standard treatment.

EUROPEAN UROLOGY (2022)

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Article Urology & Nephrology

Different Responses to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Urothelial Carcinoma Molecular Subtypes

Gottfrid Sjodahl, Johan Abrahamsson, Karin Holmsten, Carina Bernardo, Gunilla Chebil, Pontus Eriksson, Iva Johansson, Petter Kollberg, Claes Lindh, Kristina Lovgren, Nour-al-Dain Marzouka, Hans Olsson, Mattias Hoglund, Anders Ullen, Fredrik Liedberg

Summary: This study investigates the impact of molecular subtypes on pathological response and survival in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) receiving preoperative cisplatin-based chemotherapy. The results suggest that patients with certain molecular subtypes, such as genomically unstable (GU) and urothelial-like (Uro) tumors, are more responsive to cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and have improved survival compared to those with the basal/squamous (Ba/Sq) subtype. The study highlights the potential of subtype-specific biomarkers, such as osteopontin (SPP1), for developing a more precision-based treatment approach for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in MIBC.

EUROPEAN UROLOGY (2022)

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Article Urology & Nephrology

Final Results of Neoadjuvant Atezolizumab in Cisplatin-ineligible Patients with Muscle-invasive Urothelial Cancer of the Bladder

Bernadett Szabados, Mark Kockx, Zoe June Assaf, Pieter-Jan van Dam, Alejo Rodriguez-Vida, Ignacio Duran, Simon J. Crabb, Michiel S. Van Der Heijden, Albert Font Pous, Gwenaelle Gravis, Urbano Anido Herranz, Andrew Protheroe, Alain Ravaud, Denis Maillet, Maria Jose Mendez, Cristina Suarez, Mark Linch, Aaron Prendergast, Charlotte Tyson, Diana Stanoeva, Sofie Daelemans, Miche Rombouts, Sanjeev Mariathasan, Joy S. Tea, Kelly Mousa, Shruti Sharma, Alexey Aleshin, Romain Banchereau, Daniel Castellano, Thomas Powles

Summary: The results of the ABACUS trial showed that neoadjuvant atezolizumab in MIBC is associated with significant clinical responses and high DFS. CD8+ expression and serial ctDNA levels are correlated with outcomes and may contribute to personalized therapy in the future.

EUROPEAN UROLOGY (2022)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

Genomics of Clear-cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Thi Oanh Bui, Van Tu Dao, Van Tai Nguyen, Jean-Paul Feugeas, Frederic Pamoukdjian, Guilhem Bousquet

Summary: Genetic tumor heterogeneity is a major cause of resistance in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients. A meta-analysis of genomic data from 14,696 patients revealed a higher level of mutations in metastases compared to primary tumors, emphasizing the importance of biopsies on metastases in guiding treatment strategies.

EUROPEAN UROLOGY (2022)

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Letter Urology & Nephrology

COVID-19 Vaccine Type and Humoral Immune Response in Patients Receiving Dialysis

Pablo Garcia, Shuchi Anand, Jialin Han, Maria E. Montez-Rath, Sumi Sun, Tiffany Shang, Julie Parsonnet, Glenn M. Chertow, Brigitte Schiller, Graham Abra

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY (2022)

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Article Urology & Nephrology

Management of Patients with Advanced Prostate Cancer: Report from the Advanced Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference 2021

Silke Gillessen, Andrew Armstrong, Gert Attard, Tomasz M. Beer, Himisha Beltran, Anders Bjartell, Alberto Bossi, Alberto Briganti, Robert G. Bristow, Muhammad Bulbul, Orazio Caffo, Kim N. Chi, Caroline S. Clarke, Noel Clarke, Ian D. Davis, Johann S. de Bono, Ignacio Duran, Ros Eeles, Eleni Efstathiou, Jason Efstathiou, Onyeanunam Ngozi Ekeke, Christopher P. Evans, Stefano Fanti, Felix Y. Feng, Karim Fizazi, Mark Frydenberg, Dan George, Martin Gleave, Susan Halabi, Daniel Heinrich, Celesta Higano, Michael S. Hofman, Maha Hussain, Nick James, Robert Jones, Ravindran Kanesvaran, Raja B. Khauli, Laurence Klotz, Raya Leibowitz, Chris Logothetis, Fernando Maluf, Robin Millman, Alicia K. Morgans, Michael J. Morris, Nicolas Mottet, Hind Mrabti, Declan G. Murphy, Vedang Murthy, William K. Oh, Piet Ost, Joe M. O'Sullivan, Anwar R. Padhani, Chris Parker, Darren M. C. Poon, Colin C. Pritchard, Danny M. Rabah, Dana Rathkopf, Rob E. Reiter, Mark Rubin, Charles J. Ryan, Fred Saad, Juan P. Sade, Oliver Sartor, Howard Scher, Neal Shore, Iwona Skoneczna, Eric Small, Matthew Smith, Howard Soule, Daniel E. Spratt, Cora N. Sternberg, Hiroyoshi Suzuki, Christopher Sweeney, Matthew R. Sydes, Mary-Ellen Taplin, Derya Tilki, Bertrand Tombal, Levent Turkeri, Hiroji Uemura, Hirotsugu Uemura, Inge van Oort, Kosj Yamoah, Dingwei Ye, Almudena Zapatero, Aurelius Omlin

Summary: The voting results from the 2021 Advanced Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference provide guidance for clinicians and patients in the management of advanced prostate cancer where evidence is scarce. However, treatment decisions should be individualized based on patient characteristics and current clinical evidence.

EUROPEAN UROLOGY (2022)

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Editorial Material Urology & Nephrology

Special Considerations for Paxlovid Treatment Among Transplant Recipients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Steven Fishbane, Jamie S. Hirsch, Vinay Nair

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on lives, with limited clinical benefits from drugs studied in the first year. However, two new drugs, molnupiravir and Paxlovid, have shown promising results. In this report, we discuss the potential safety risk of Paxlovid for transplant patients and those treated with specific inhibitors.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES (2022)

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Article Urology & Nephrology

The ERA Registry Annual Report 2019: summary and age comparisons

Rianne Boenink, Megan E. Astley, Jilske A. Huijben, Vianda S. Stel, Julia Kerschbaum, Mai Ots-Rosenberg, Anders A. Asberg, Frantisek Lopot, Eliezer Golan, Pablo Castro de la Nuez, Marta Rodriguez Camblor, Sara Trujillo-Aleman, Juan Carlos Ruiz San Millan, Pablo Ucio Mingo, Juan Manuel Diaz, M. Encarnacion Bouzas-Caamano, Marta Artamendi, Manuel Aparicio Madre, Carmen Santiuste de Pablos, Maria Fernanda Slon Roblero, Oscar Zurriaga, Maria E. Stendahl, Samira Bell, Alma Idrizi, Kyriakos Ioannou, Alicja Debska-Slizien, Ana A. Galvao, Johan M. De Meester, Halima Resic, Kristine Hommel, Danilo Radunovic, Runolfur Palsson, Mathilde Lassalle, Patrik Finne, Maria De los Angeles-Garcia Bazaga, Nikola Gjorgjievski, Nurhan Seyahi, Marjolein Bonthuis, Alberto Ortiz, Kitty J. Jager, Anneke Kramer

Summary: This study collected data on renal replacement therapy (RRT) for end-stage renal disease from European and Mediterranean countries. It analyzed the incidence and prevalence of RRT, kidney transplantation activity, and survival probabilities. The study also compared different age categories and found significant differences.

CLINICAL KIDNEY JOURNAL (2022)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

Mechanisms and Models of Kidney Tubular Necrosis and Nephron Loss

Francesca Maremonti, Claudia Meyer, Andreas Linkermann

Summary: Understanding the mechanisms of nephron loss is crucial for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease. The death of renal tubular cells can occur through apoptosis or necrosis, leading to different types of cell death and inflammatory responses in different pathological processes. A detailed understanding of the mechanisms of cell death and inflammatory responses during tubular necrosis can inform therapeutic options.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY (2022)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

Pathophysiological mechanisms leading to muscle loss in chronic kidney disease

Xiaonan H. Wang, William E. Mitch, S. Russ Price

Summary: Loss of muscle proteins in chronic kidney disease can lead to decreased muscle strength and function, with limited effectiveness in current treatment strategies. CKD and other systemic diseases stimulate muscle protein degradation pathways while impairing muscle protein synthesis and repair mechanisms. This crosstalk between kidney and muscle involves signaling molecules that impact levels of regulatory and effector proteins.

NATURE REVIEWS NEPHROLOGY (2022)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma: 2022 Update

Laura Bukavina, Karim Bensalah, Freddie Bray, Maria Carlo, Ben Challacombe, Jose A. Karam, Wassim Kassouf, Thomas Mitchell, Rodolfo Montironi, Tim O'Brien, Valeria Panebianco, Ghislaine Scelo, Brian Shuch, Hein van Poppel, Christopher D. Blosser, Sarah P. Psutka

Summary: The incidence and mortality rates of kidney cancer vary significantly globally, with variations across time, geography, and sex. Hypertension, obesity, and smoking are the most well-established risk factors. Recent advances in genetic characterization have improved our understanding of the mutations that predispose individuals to kidney cancer.

EUROPEAN UROLOGY (2022)

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Article Urology & Nephrology

Drug-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Mark A. Perazella, Mitchell H. Rosner

Summary: Medications can cause acute kidney injury (AKI) through direct tubular injury, induction of inflammation, and crystalline deposition. Clinicians should understand the pathogenesis of these forms of kidney injury for prevention and treatment.

CLINICAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY (2022)

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Article Urology & Nephrology

A pre-specified analysis of the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease (DAPA-CKD) randomized controlled trial on the incidence of abrupt declines in kidney function

Hiddo J. L. Heerspink, David Cherney, Douwe Postmus, Bergur Stefansson, Glenn M. Chertow, Jamie P. Dwyer, Tom Greene, Mikhail Kosiborod, Anna Maria Langkilde, John J. McMurray, Ricardo Correa-Rotter, Peter Rossing, C. David Sjostrom, Robert D. Toto, David C. Wheeler

Summary: This analysis of DAPA-CKD found that dapagliflozin can reduce the risk of abrupt declines in kidney function in patients with CKD and substantial albuminuria.

KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL (2022)

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Article Urology & Nephrology

Comparison of Patient-reported Health-related Quality of Life Between Open Radical Cystectomy and Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy with Intracorporeal Urinary Diversion: Interim Analysis of a Randomised Controlled Trial

Riccardo Mastroianni, Gabriele Tuderti, Umberto Anceschi, Alfredo Maria Bove, Aldo Brassetti, Mariaconsiglia Ferriero, Ashanti Zampa, Diana Giannarelli, Salvatore Guaglianone, Michele Gallucci, Giuseppe Simone

Summary: This study presents an interim analysis of a randomized controlled trial comparing open radical cystectomy (ORC) and robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) in terms of their impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The results suggest that RARC and ORC have similar effects on most HRQoL domains, but there are some differences in certain aspects such as role functioning, symptoms scales, and urinary symptoms.

EUROPEAN UROLOGY FOCUS (2022)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

Glomerular hyperfiltration

Monica Cortinovis, Norberto Perico, Piero Ruggenenti, Andrea Remuzzi, Giuseppe Remuzzi

Summary: Glomerular hyperfiltration can be categorized as 'absolute' hyperfiltration and 'relative' hyperfiltration. 'Absolute' hyperfiltration occurs in the context of a normal number of functioning nephrons and can be seen in high protein intake, pregnancy, diabetes, obesity, or polycystic kidney disease. 'Relative' hyperfiltration occurs when the number of functioning nephrons is reduced and can be seen in patients with a congenitally reduced nephron number or acquired reduction in nephron mass due to surgery or kidney disease.

NATURE REVIEWS NEPHROLOGY (2022)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

The effect of HIF on metabolism and immunity

Cormac T. Taylor, Carsten C. Scholz

Summary: Hypoxia-induced changes in cellular metabolism and immune cell function are regulated by the HIF pathway. Understanding the links between HIF, cellular metabolism, and immunity is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies.

NATURE REVIEWS NEPHROLOGY (2022)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

Prescribing SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With CKD: Expanding Indications and Practical Considerations

Kevin Yau, Atit Dharia, Ibrahim Alrowiyti, David Z. I. Cherney

Summary: SGLT2 inhibitors play a crucial role in preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease. The clinical indications for these drugs are expanding beyond patients with diabetes, and recent studies suggest that they may soon be indicated for CKD patients without albuminuria. Considerations for prescribing SGLT2 inhibitors include the acute decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate, dosage selection, volume status, and adverse event mitigation.

KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL REPORTS (2022)

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Article Urology & Nephrology

Albuminuria-Lowering Effect of Dapagliflozin, Eplerenone, and their Combination in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Randomized Cross-Over Clinical Trial

Michele Provenzano, Maria Jesus Puchades, Carlo Garofalo, Niels Jongs, Luis D'Marco, Michele Andreucci, Luca De Nicola, Jose Luis Gorriz, Hiddo J. L. Heerspink

Summary: This study assessed the efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with CKD. The results showed that changes in urinary albumin did not correlate between dapagliflozin and eplerenone, but the combination of these drugs resulted in a strong additive effect in lowering UACR.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY (2022)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

Expression of Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 as a Predictive Biomarker in Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma Patients Treated with First-line Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Versus Chemotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Alessandro Rizzo, Veronica Mollica, Francesco Massari

Summary: ICIs show a survival benefit in PD-L1-positive mUC patients compared to chemotherapy, while no benefit is observed in PD-L1-negative patients. The need for reliable predictive biomarkers of response to ICIs remains a key challenge in mUC management.

EUROPEAN UROLOGY FOCUS (2022)

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