Article
Philosophy
Xueshi Wang
Summary: This article critiques a moral argument developed by Frances Kamm, focusing on the flaw of the Best Outcome Argument. The argument aims to criticize the idea that it is not worse if more people die than if fewer do in conflict situations, but it is flawed for three reasons: limited applicability of the symmetry feature, inconsistent treatment of individuals throughout reasoning, and inability to use comparative evaluations gained in different contexts in the same argument.
Article
Philosophy
Jonathan Birch
Summary: There is no consensus on the consciousness of invertebrates and the methodology to resolve this issue. Three broad approaches, theory-heavy, theory-neutral, and theory-light, are distinguished. The theory-heavy and theory-neutral approaches face problems, leading to the suggestion of a middle path, the theory-light approach. At the core of this approach is the hypothesis that consciously perceiving a stimulus enhances certain cognitive abilities compared to unconscious perception. This facilitation hypothesis can guide the study of invertebrate consciousness. A systematic search for consciousness-linked cognitive abilities, their interrelationships, and their sensitivity to masking is needed.
Article
Philosophy
Allan Koster, Anthony Vincent Fernandez
Summary: In this article, a new approach of integrating philosophical phenomenology with qualitative research is developed. The approach, called Phenomenologically Grounded Qualitative Research (PGQR), utilizes phenomenology's concepts to conceptualize and focus a qualitative study. The article reviews the debate on phenomenology's role in qualitative research, introduces the PGQR approach, provides an example of its implementation, and discusses the type of knowledge it generates and how it can be integrated with existing approaches.
PHENOMENOLOGY AND THE COGNITIVE SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Philosophy
Uwe Peters
Summary: Confirmation bias is a widely discussed epistemic problem that challenges reliable belief formation and correction of inaccurate views. It may have evolved as an adaptive mechanism to help us influence people and social structures to align with our beliefs, resulting in developmental and epistemic benefits.
Article
Ethics
Robert Chapman, Havi Carel
JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY
(2022)
Article
Philosophy
Kevin C. Elliott
Summary: Both scientists and philosophers of science emphasize the importance of promoting transparency in science, as it can enhance reproducibility, progress, and trust. This paper proposes a taxonomy to address common objections to transparency and suggests avenues for further research.
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY
(2022)
Article
Philosophy
Magnus Englander, James Morley
Summary: This article presents the tradition of phenomenological psychological research initiated by Amedeo Giorgi. The article discusses the history of the method and emphasizes the importance of adaptable data collection. It provides a detailed outline of the method's data analysis procedure and offers a sample analysis of an anxiety daydream in response to the Covid-19 pandemic, showcasing the researcher's process of explicating participants' expressions from specific to general. The article concludes with a reflection on the nature of phenomenological psychological elucidation.
PHENOMENOLOGY AND THE COGNITIVE SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Ethics
Jennifer Saul
Summary: In recent years, there is a growing belief, both within and outside philosophy, that generics have a significant role in perpetuating social injustice, particularly in terms of racism and sexism. However, the author argues that there is not enough evidence to single out generics about social groups as uniquely destructive, and rushing to eradicate them may be a mistake in combating prejudice.
INQUIRY-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY
(2023)
Article
Philosophy
Heather Browning, Jonathan Birch
Summary: This article discusses the controversies surrounding sentience in fish and invertebrates and presents two ways of responding to the challenges. In a policy-making context, precautionary thinking can help in treating animals appropriately despite uncertainties about their sentience. In a scientific context, inspiration can be drawn from the science of human consciousness to distinguish between conscious and unconscious perception in animals.
PHILOSOPHY COMPASS
(2022)
Article
Philosophy
M. Giulia Napolitano, Kevin Reuter
Summary: This paper presents empirical data on the nature of the concept conspiracy theory and proposes a new strategy for engineering conspiracy theory to promote theoretical investigations and institutional discussions of this phenomenon.
Article
Philosophy
Vincenzo Crupi, Andrea Iacona
Summary: This paper presents an account of conditionals, the evidential account, which differs from both material and non-material accounts. The evidential account is based on the idea that a conditional is true when the antecedent supports the consequent, exhibiting distinctive logical features.
Article
Philosophy
Brian Flanagan, Ivar R. Hannikainen
Summary: Most theorists agree that our social order has a distinct legal dimension. The fundamental question is whether specific legal phenomena always imply a commitment to a particular moral view. While positivists argue that the correspondence between morality and law is purely influenced by political circumstances, natural law theorists contend that law is inherently moral. Both schools claim consistency with our folk concept. This study examines the intuitive relation between the moral and legal aspects of a rule using dual character concepts and presents unexpected findings contradicting predictions made by legal positivists.
AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY
(2022)
Article
Philosophy
David Ekdahl, Susanne Ravn
Summary: This article examines the interactions of esports practitioners in virtual worlds, revealing a reliance on intercorporeality for these interactions, which blurs the distinction between virtuality and embodied social understanding. Acknowledging this fluidity raises intriguing questions about potential forms of sociality in a wider range of virtual formats.
PHENOMENOLOGY AND THE COGNITIVE SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Philosophy
Saulius Geniusas
Summary: This paper introduces the phenomenological concept of absorption and explores its emergence and development in the writings of Husserl and Fink. It highlights the importance of absorption in phenomenology and its implications for the understanding of sensuous intuition, self-awareness, intuitive re-presentations, and the portrayal of phenomenology.
JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIETY FOR PHENOMENOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Philosophy
Rosa Ritunnano, Lisa Bortolotti
Summary: Delusions are not incomprehensible representations of reality. In fact, in some circumstances they can enhance an individual's sense of meaning and creativity. They can help make sense of one's unusual experiences and support one's endeavors in certain situations.
PHENOMENOLOGY AND THE COGNITIVE SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Philosophy
Simon Hoffding, Kristian Martiny, Andreas Roepstorff
Summary: The paper argues in defense of phenomenological interviews, stating that they are a valuable source of knowledge and should not be considered less reliable or valid than quantitative or experimental methods. It responds to skeptic objections, suggesting that skeptics must either accept the justification of phenomenological interviews or embrace a more fundamental skepticism that could have dire consequences for science.
PHENOMENOLOGY AND THE COGNITIVE SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Philosophy
Jessie Munton
Summary: This paper argues that certain important forms of prejudice can be solely constituted by the differential accessibility of certain pieces of information, without the presence of explicit cognitive or emotive attitudes. This understanding is significant for the study of prejudice.
ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY
(2023)
Article
Philosophy
Justin B. Biddle
Summary: Recent scholarship in philosophy of science and technology has shown that scientific and technological decision making are laden with values, including values of a social, political, and/or ethical character. This paper examines the role of value judgments in the design of machine-learning (ML) systems generally and in recidivism-prediction algorithms specifically. The paper argues that ML systems are value laden in ways similar to human decision making, because the development and design of ML systems requires human decisions that involve tradeoffs that reflect values. In many cases, these decisions have significant-and, in some cases, disparate-downstream impacts on human lives. After examining an influential court decision regarding the use of proprietary recidivism-prediction algorithms in criminal sentencing, Wisconsin v. Loomis, the paper provides three recommendations for the use of ML in penal systems.
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY
(2022)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Hans Rott
Summary: This article explores conditionals that express the impact of the antecedent on the consequent, presenting the 'relevantised' version of the Ramsey Test and the 'Dependent Ramsey Test.' These conditionals violate traditional principles of conditional logic, but offer an intriguing logic of their own, closely related to David Lewis's counterfactual analysis of causation.
REVIEW OF SYMBOLIC LOGIC
(2022)
Article
Mathematics, Applied
Yacin Hamami
Summary: Mathematical proofs must be rigorous to be considered proper justification for mathematical knowledge. The standard view that mathematical proofs should be able to be translated into formal proofs is widely accepted by contemporary mathematicians, but has also been criticized in the philosophy of mathematics literature. Debate on this topic is currently blocked by a lack of precise formulation.
REVIEW OF SYMBOLIC LOGIC
(2022)
