Parasitology

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Epidemiological profile of imported malaria cases in the prevention of reestablishment phase in Sri Lanka

Priyani Dharmawardena, Risintha Premaratne, Rajitha Wickremasinghe, Kamini Mendis, Deepika Fernando

Summary: Sri Lanka reported the last case of indigenous malaria in 2012 and received malaria-free certification in 2016, but still faces challenges with imported malaria. A study on imported malaria cases in 2015 and 2016 found that most infections were among males aged 21-50 who had recently traveled overseas, with the majority of cases in the Western Province.

PATHOGENS AND GLOBAL HEALTH (2022)

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Review Microbiology

Gut microbiota-derived bile acids in intestinal immunity, inflammation, and tumorigenesis

Jie Cai, Lulu Sun, Frank J. Gonzalez

Summary: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are diverse intestinal diseases threatening an increasing number of individuals as their lifestyles become westernized. Recent research has found that gut microbiota-derived metabolites play a crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and modulating the progression of intestinal diseases.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Article Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 prolonged infection during advanced HIV disease evolves extensive immune escape

Sandile Cele, Farina Karim, Gila Lustig, James Emmanuel San, Tandile Hermanus, Houriiyah Tegally, Jumari Snyman, Thandeka Moyo-Gwete, Eduan Wilkinson, Mallory Bernstein, Khadija Khan, Shi-Hsia Hwa, Sasha W. Tilles, Lavanya Singh, Jennifer Giandhari, Ntombifuthi Mthabela, Matilda Mazibuko, Yashica Ganga, Bernadett Gosnell, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Willem Hanekom, Wesley C. Van Voorhis, Thumbi Ndung'u, Richard J. Lessells, Penny L. Moore, Mahomed-Yunus S. Moosa, Tulio de Oliveira, Alex Sigal

Summary: Characterizing the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an individual with advanced HIV disease in South Africa, this study found that the evolved virus showed immune escape of vaccines and enhanced escape of Delta immunity. This suggests that immune-compromised hosts may play a significant role in the evolution of the virus.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Article Microbiology

One Health: A new definition for a sustainable and healthy future

Wiku B. Adisasmito, Salama Almuhairi, Casey Barton Behravesh, Pepe Bilivogui, Salome A. Bukachi, Natalia Casas, Natalia Cediel Becerra, Dominique F. Charron, Abhishek Chaudhary, Janice R. Ciacci Zanella, Andrew A. Cunningham, Osman Dar, Nitish Debnath, Baptiste Dungu, Elmoubasher Farag, George F. Gao, David T. S. Hayman, Margaret Khaitsa, Marion P. G. Koopmans, Catherine Machalaba, John S. Mackenzie, Wanda Markotter, Thomas C. Mettenleiter, Serge Morand, Vyacheslav Smolenskiy, Lei Zhou

PLOS PATHOGENS (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Antibody evasion of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, and BA.3 sub-lineages

Jingwen Ai, Xun Wang, Xinyi He, Xiaoyu Zhao, Yi Zhang, Yuchao Jiang, Minghui Li, Yuchen Cui, Yanjia Chen, Rui Qiao, Lin Li, Lulu Yang, Yi Li, Zixin Hu, Wenhong Zhang, Pengfei Wang

Summary: This study compared the neutralization efficacy of vaccine-induced or monoclonal antibodies against different sub-lineages of the Omicron variant. The results showed that current vaccines have low neutralization activity, but both homologous and heterologous boosters significantly improved neutralization titers. The study also found that most monoclonal antibodies lost their neutralizing activity, while some demonstrated distinct neutralization patterns among Omicron sub-lineages, indicating antigenic differences.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern link to increased spike cleavage

Alba Escalera, Ana S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Sadaf Aslam, Ignacio Mena, Manon Laporte, Rebecca L. Pearl, Andrea Fossati, Raveen Rathnasinghe, Hala Alshammary, Adriana van de Guchte, Keith Farrugia, Yiren Qin, Mehdi Bouhaddou, Thomas Kehrer, Lorena Zuliani-Alvarez, David A. Meekins, Velmurugan Balaraman, Chester McDowell, Jurgen A. Richt, Goran Bajic, Emilia Mia Sordillo, Marion Dejosez, Thomas P. Zwaka, Nevan J. Krogan, Viviana Simon, Randy A. Albrecht, Harm van Bakel, Adolfo Garcia-Sastre, Teresa Aydillo

Summary: This study characterized the spike polymorphisms of the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and investigated their impact on transmissibility and virus pathogenicity. The findings showed that specific substitutions enhance viral replication and spike protein cleavage, leading to increased transmission efficiency in infection models and human airway systems.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

When a Neglected Tropical Disease Goes Global: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Italian Physicians towards Monkeypox, Preliminary Results

Matteo Ricco, Pietro Ferraro, Vincenzo Camisa, Elia Satta, Alessandro Zaniboni, Silvia Ranzieri, Antonio Baldassarre, Salvatore Zaffina, Federico Marchesi

Summary: This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of Italian medical professionals regarding monkeypox (MPX). The results showed that there were significant knowledge gaps and a lack of risk perception among the participants. However, a majority of them were in favor of using variola vaccine to prevent MPX, and previous vaccination against seasonal influenza and willingness to receive variola vaccine were identified as the main factors influencing their attitude.

TROPICAL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Enhanced neutralization resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BQ.1, BQ.1.1, BA.4.6, BF.7, and BA.2.75.2

Panke Qu, John P. Evans, Julia N. Faraone, Yi-Min Zheng, Claire Carlin, Mirela Anghelina, Patrick Stevens, Soledad Fernandez, Daniel Jones, Gerard Lozanski, Ashish Panchal, Linda J. Saif, Eugene M. Oltz, Kai Xu, Richard J. Gumina, Shan-Lu Liu

Summary: The emergence of new Omicron subvariants, including BQ.1, BQ.1.1, BA.4.6, BF.7, and BA.2.75.2, has shown enhanced neutralization resistance against sera from vaccinated healthcare workers and COVID-19 patients. The mutations N460K, K444T, and F486S play a significant role in driving the increased neutralization resistance of these subvariants. These findings provide insights into the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2023)

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Article Microbiology

Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sub-lineages BA.1, BA.1.1, and BA.2

John P. Evans, Cong Zeng, Panke Qu, Julia Faraone, Yi-Min Zheng, Claire Carlin, Joseph S. Bednash, Tongqing Zhou, Gerard Lozanski, Rama Mallampalli, Linda J. Saif, Eugene M. Oltz, Peter J. Mohler, Kai Xu, Richard J. Gumina, Shan-Lu Liu

Summary: Recent reports show that SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant sub-lineages BA.1, BA.1.1, and BA.2 have raised concerns about their ability to escape vaccine-induced and infection-induced immunity. A study finds that all Omicron sub-lineages, especially BA.1 and BA.1.1, exhibit significant immune escape, but this can be largely overcome by mRNA vaccine booster doses. The findings highlight the importance of booster vaccine doses for protection against all Omicron variants and provide insights into the immunity from natural infection against Omicron sub-lineages.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Article Microbiology

An expanded arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages

Adi Millman, Sarah Melamed, Azita Leavitt, Shany Doron, Aude Bernheim, Jens Hor, Jeremy Garb, Nathalie Bechon, Alexander Brandis, Anna Lopatina, Gal Ofir, Dina Hochhauser, Avigail Stokar-Avihail, Nitzan Tal, Saar Sharir, Maya Voichek, Zohar Erez, Jose Lorenzo M. Ferrer, Daniel Dar, Assaf Kacen, Gil Amitai, Rotem Sorek

Summary: This study reports the discovery of 21 bacterial defense systems against phages. These systems contain domains involved in eukaryotic antiviral immunity and are widely distributed in microbial genomes. These findings contribute to our understanding of the defense mechanisms bacteria use against phage infection.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

The elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: Achievements in relation to WHO road map targets for 2020

Jose R. Franco, Giuliano Cecchi, Massimo Paone, Abdoulaye Diarra, Lise Grout, Augustin Kadima Ebeja, Pere P. Simarro, Weining Zhao, Daniel Argaw

Summary: The progress towards the elimination of HAT has been steady, with a significant reduction in reported cases and expansion of healthcare facilities for diagnosis and treatment. However, the target for reducing the high-risk HAT areas has not been fully achieved. Active surveillance and screening efforts have been sustained, although the COVID-19 pandemic has caused some limitations. Two countries have been validated for achieving HAT elimination, while three more are under review. The commitment and coordination of stakeholders have been crucial in achieving these advancements.

PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES (2022)

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Article Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron triggers cross-reactive neutralization and Fc effector functions in previously vaccinated, but not unvaccinated, individuals

Simone I. Richardson, Vimbai Sharon Madzorera, Holly Spencer, Nelia P. Manamela, Mieke A. van der Mescht, Bronwen E. Lambson, Brent Oosthuysen, Frances Ayres, Zanele Makhado, Thandeka Moyo-Gwete, Nonkululeko Mzindle, Thopisang Motlou, Amy Strydom, Adriano Mendes, Houriiyah Tegally, Zelda de Beer, Talita Roma de Villiers, Annie Bodenstein, Gretha van den Berg, Marietjie Venter, Tulio de Oliviera, Veronica Ueckermann, Theresa M. Rossouw, Michael T. Boswell, Penny L. Moore

Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 can evade neutralizing antibodies generated by either vaccines or previous infection. However, it is unclear whether Omicron can trigger cross-reactive immune responses to other variants of concern (VOCs). A study found that unvaccinated individuals produced binding antibodies and functional antibodies at similar levels against Omicron and other VOCs, but the neutralizing activity against VOCs was significantly reduced compared to Omicron. On the other hand, vaccinated individuals who experienced breakthrough Omicron infection had enhanced cross-neutralization against VOCs, indicating a potential benefit of vaccination in protecting against circulating and emerging variants.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Human gut bacterial metabolism drives Th17 activation and colitis

Margaret Alexander, Qi Yan Ang, Renuka R. Nayak, Annamarie E. Bustion, Moriah Sandy, Bing Zhang, Vaibhav Upadhyay, Katherine S. Pollard, Susan Lynch, Peter J. Turnbaugh

Summary: The activation of Th17 cells by human gut bacteria Eggerthella lenta exacerbates inflammatory bowel disease. Variations in E. lenta strains and the Cgr2 enzyme contribute to Th17 cell activation. Blocking E. lenta-induced intestinal inflammation is crucial for preventing the development of autoimmune diseases.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Persistent B cell memory after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is functional during breakthrough infections

Sara Terreri, Eva Piano Mortari, Maria Rosaria Vinci, Cristina Russo, Claudia Alteri, Christian Albano, Francesca Colavita, Giulia Gramigna, Chiara Agrati, Giulia Linardos, Luana Coltella, Luna Colagrossi, Gloria Deriu, Marta Ciofi Degli Atti, Caterina Rizzo, Marco Scarsella, Rita Brugaletta, Vincenzo Camisa, Annapaola Santoro, Giuseppe Roscilli, Emiliano Pavoni, Alessia Muzi, Nicola Magnavita, Rossana Scutari, Alberto Villani, Massimiliano Raponi, Franco Locatelli, Carlo Federico Perno, Salvatore Zaffina, Rita Carsetti

Summary: This study investigated the long-term and functional B cell memory induced by the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers. While specific antibodies declined over time, memory B cells persisted and increased, and breakthrough infections did not show signs of waning immunity.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Phages and their satellites encode hotspots of antiviral systems

Francois Rousset, Florence Depardieu, Solange Miele, Julien Dowding, Anne-Laure Laval, Erica Lieberman, Daniel Garry, Eduardo P. C. Rocha, Aude Bernheim, David Bikard

Summary: Bacteria have various genetic systems to defend against viral infection, including those within prophages. Phage satellites pose additional pressures on phages by hijacking viral elements. This study found that E. coli P2-like phages and their P4-like satellites carry genetic hotspots with anti-phage systems. These hotspots participate in inter-viral competition and shape dynamics between the bacterial host, P2-like phages, and P4-like satellites. Importantly, the anti-phage activity of satellites can benefit the helper phage during competition, turning a parasitic relationship into a mutualistic one.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Review Microbiology

Structural and antigenic variations in the spike protein of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants

Anshumali Mittal, Arun Khattri, Vikash Verma

Summary: This review focuses on the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, the structural basis for antibody-mediated neutralization, and the identification of escape mutations for designing escape-resistant antibody therapeutics and vaccines.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Antigenic characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.2.75

Qian Wang, Sho Iketani, Zhiteng Li, Yicheng Guo, Andre Yanchen Yeh, Michael Liu, Jian Yu, Zizhang Sheng, Yaoxing Huang, Lihong Liu, David D. Ho

Summary: The newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.2.75 exhibits moderate resistance to neutralization by sera from vaccinated/boosted individuals compared to the currently circulating BA.2, but is more sensitive than BA.4/5. BA.2.75 shows heightened resistance to class 1 and class 3 monoclonal antibodies targeting the spike-receptor-binding domain, while gaining sensitivity to class 2 antibodies. The resistance is mainly conferred by two mutations. BA.2.75 also shows slight resistance to a therapeutic antibody with potent activity against all Omicron subvariants. Additionally, BA.2.75 exhibits higher binding affinity to the host receptor ACE2 compared to other Omicron subvariants.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Strong humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 Spike after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination with a 16-week interval between doses

Alexandra Tauzin, Shang Yu Gong, Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussieres, Dani Vezina, Romain Gasser, Lauriane Nault, Lorie Marchitto, Mehdi Benlarbi, Debashree Chatterjee, Manon Nayrac, Annemarie Laumaea, Jeremie Prevost, Marianne Boutin, Geremy Sannier, Alexandre Nicolas, Catherine Bourassa, Gabrielle Gendron-Lepage, Halima Medjahed, Guillaume Goyette, Yuxia Bo, Josee Perreault, Laurie Gokool, Chantal Morrisseau, Pascale Arlotto, Renee Bazin, Mathieu Dube, Gaston De Serres, Nicholas Brousseau, Jonathan Richard, Roberta Rovito, Marceline Cote, Cecile Tremblay, Giulia C. Marchetti, Ralf Duerr, Valerie Martel-Laferriere, Daniel E. Kaufmann, Andres Finzi

Summary: The study found that extending the interval between doses to 16 weeks significantly increased humoral responses in non-infected individuals, reaching similar levels as previously infected individuals. Compared to a shorter interval, a longer interval between vaccine doses resulted in stronger immune responses.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Characterization of the enhanced infectivity and antibody evasion of Omicron BA.2.75

Yunlong Cao, Weiliang Song, Lei Wang, Pan Liu, Can Yue, Fanchong Jian, Yuanling Yu, Ayijiang Yisimayi, Peng Wang, Yao Wang, Qianhui Zhu, Jie Deng, Wangjun Fu, Lingling Yu, Na Zhang, Jing Wang, Tianhe Xiao, Ran An, Lu Liu, Sijie Yang, Xiao Niu, Qingqing Gu, Fei Shao, Xiaohua Hao, Bo Meng, Ravindra Kumar Gupta, Ronghua Jin, Youchun Wang, Xiaoliang Sunney Xie, Xiangxi Wang

Summary: The newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant, BA.2.75, has shown a growth advantage over other circulating variants in India. This study reveals that BA.2.75 has a higher affinity for the host receptor ACE2 and exhibits increased low-pH-endosomal cell entry. It also demonstrates reduced evasion of humoral immunity from certain convalescent plasma, while showing a distinct neutralizing antibody escape pattern. These findings suggest that BA.2.75 may become the dominant variant following BA.4/BA.5.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Anatomy promotes neutral coexistence of strains in the human skin microbiome

Arolyn Conwill, Anne C. Kuan, Ravalika Damerla, Alexandra J. Poret, Jacob S. Baker, A. Delphine Tripp, Eric J. Alm, Tami D. Lieberman

Summary: The coexistence of Cutibacterium acnes strains on human skin can be explained by the random single-cell bottlenecks imposed by pore anatomy.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2022)

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