Infectious Diseases

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Article Infectious Diseases

Investigation into cases of hepatitis of unknown aetiology among young children, Scotland, 1 January 2022 to 12 April 2022

Kimberly Marsh, Rachel Tayler, Louisa Pollock, Kirsty Roy, Fatim Lakha, Antonia Ho, David Henderson, Titus Divala, Sandra Currie, David Yirrell, Michael Lockhart, Maria K. Rossi, Nick Phin

Summary: On March 31, 2022, a cluster of severe hepatitis cases in children was reported in Scotland, with a total of 13 cases identified so far. Investigations are ongoing and new cases are still being discovered.

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Monkeypox outbreak in Madrid (Spain): Clinical and virological aspects

Eva Orviz, Anabel Negredo, Oskar Ayerdi, Ana Vazquez, Ana Munoz-Gomez, Sara Monzon, Petunia Clavo, Angel Zaballos, Mar Vera, Patricia Sanchez, Noemi Cabello, Pilar Jimenez, Jorge A. Perez-Garcia, Sarai Varona, Jorge del Romero, Isabel Cuesta, Alberto Delgado-Iribarren, Montse Torres, Inigo Sagastagoitia, Gustavo Palacios, Vicente Estrada, Maria Paz Sanchez-Seco

Summary: This observational study focused on monkeypox cases in Madrid, Spain, and investigated the clinical and virological aspects of the disease. The findings revealed that the virus circulating in Spain belongs to the western African clade, mainly affecting cisgender men who have sex with men (MSM). The first symptom of the disease was skin lesions, and the disease followed a self-limited course.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION (2022)

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Review Immunology

Antivirals With Activity Against Monkeypox: A Clinically Oriented Review

Emily A. Siegrist, Joseph Sassine

Summary: This review provides an overview of the basic pharmacology, animal data, and human data for three antivirals (cidofovir, brincidofovir, and tecovirimat) with activity against monkeypox virus. These antiviral agents have shown varying degrees of efficacy against monkeypox and other orthopoxviruses, highlighting their potential importance in the research and treatment of monkeypox virus infection.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

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Article Infectious Diseases

ESCMID COVID-19 living guidelines: drug treatment and clinical management

Michele Bartoletti, Ozlem Azap, Aleksandra Barac, Linda Bussini, Onder Ergonul, Robert Krause, Jose Ramon Pano-Pardo, Nicholas R. Power, Marcella Sibani, Balint Gergely Szabo, Sotirios Tsiodras, Paul E. Verweij, Ines Zollner-Schwetz, Jesus Rodriguez-Bano

Summary: This article introduces the establishment and working process of the ESCIMD COVID-19 guidelines task force, and outlines their recommendations for COVID-19 treatment. They provide recommendations for treatment measures, while also pointing out situations where the use of certain drugs is not recommended or should be approached with caution. The article also states that these recommendations are only applicable to adult patients, and emphasizes the backgrounds and limitations of the panel members.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Efficacy and safety of the CVnCoV SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate in ten countries in Europe and Latin America (HERALD): a randomised, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2b/3 trial

Peter G. Kremsner, Rodolfo Andres Ahuad Guerrero, Eunate Arana-Arri, Gustavo Jose Aroca Martinez, Marc Bonten, Reynaldo Chandler, Gonzalo Corral, Eddie Jan Louis De Block, Lucie Ecker, Julian Justin Gabor, Carlos Alberto Garcia Lopez, Lucy Gonzales, Maria Angelica Granados Gonzalez, Nestor Gorini, Martin P. Grobusch, Adrian D. Hrabar, Helga Junker, Alan Kimura, Claudio F. Lanata, Clara Lehmann, Isabel Leroux-Roels, Philipp Mann, Michel Fernando Martinez-Resendez, Theresa J. Ochoa, Carlos Alberto Poy, Maria Jose Reyes Fentanes, Luis Maria Rivera Mejia, Vida Veronica Ruiz Herrera, Xavier Saez-Llorens, Oliver Schoenborn-Kellenberger, Mirjam Schunk, Alexandra Sierra Garcia, Itziar Vergara, Thomas Verstraeten, Marisa Vico, Lidia Oostvogels

Summary: The CVnCoV SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate was found to be effective and safe in preventing COVID-19.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

The global burden of HIV-associated cryptococcal infection in adults in 2020: a modelling analysis

Radha Rajasingham, Nelesh P. Govender, Alexander Jordan, Angela Loyse, Amir Shroufi, David W. Denning, David B. Meya, Tom M. Chiller, David R. Boulware

Summary: This study provides estimates of the global burden of HIV-associated cryptococcal infection (antigenaemia), cryptococcal meningitis, and cryptococcal-related deaths in 2020. Despite a reduction in the estimated absolute burden of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis compared with 2014, it still accounts for 19% of AIDS-related deaths.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Clinical outcomes and bacterial characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae complex among patients from different global regions (CRACKLE-2): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study

Minggui Wang, Michelle Earley, Liang Chen, Blake M. Hanson, Yunsong Yu, Zhengyin Liu, Soraya Salcedo, Eric Cober, Lanjuan Li, Souha S. Kanj, Hainv Gao, Jose M. Munita, Karen Ordonez, Greg Weston, Michael J. Satlin, Sandra L. Valderrama-Beltran, Kalisvar Marimuthu, Martin E. Stryjewski, Lauren Komarow, Courtney Luterbach, Steve H. Marshall, Susan D. Rudin, Claudia Manca, David L. Paterson, Jinnethe Reyes, Maria V. Villegas, Scott Evans, Carol Hill, Rebekka Arias, Keri Baum, Bettina C. Fries, Yohei Doi, Robin Patel, Barry N. Kreiswirth, Robert A. Bonomo, Henry F. Chambers, Vance G. Fowler, Cesar A. Arias, David van Duin

Summary: This study analyzed the bacterial characteristics of CRKP infections and the clinical outcomes of patients with CRKP infections across different countries, revealing significant regional differences in CRKP epidemics.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, central-line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), and catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI): The urgent need to refocus on hardwiring prevention efforts

Mohamad G. Fakih, Angelo Bufalino, Lisa Sturm, Ren-Huai Huang, Allison Ottenbacher, Karl Saake, Angela Winegar, Richard Fogel, Joseph Cacchione

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant increase in central-line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) but did not have a significant impact on catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). These findings highlight the importance of optimizing line care and providing regular feedback on performance to maintain a safe environment.

INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

T-cell and antibody responses to first BNT162b2 vaccine dose in previously infected and SARS-CoV-2-naive UK health-care workers: a multicentre prospective cohort study

Adrienn Angyal, Stephanie Longet, Shona C. Moore, Rebecca P. Payne, Adam Harding, Tom Tipton, Patpong Rongkard, Mohammad Ali, Luisa M. Hering, Naomi Meardon, James Austin, Rebecca Brown, Donal Skelly, Natalie Gillson, Sue L. Dobson, Andrew Cross, Gurjinder Sandhar, Jonathan A. Kilby, Jessica K. Tyerman, Alexander R. Nicols, Jarmila S. Spegarova, Hema Mehta, Hailey Hornsby, Rachel Whitham, Christopher P. Conlon, Katie Jeffery, Philip Goulder, John Frater, Christina Dold, Matthew Pace, Ane Ogbe, Helen Brown, M. Azim Ansari, Emily Adland, Anthony Brown, Meera Chand, Adrian Shields, Philippa C. Matthews, Susan Hopkins, Victoria Hall, William James, Sarah L. Rowland-Jones, Paul Klenerman, Susanna Dunachie, Alex Richter, Christopher J. A. Duncan, Eleanor Barnes, Miles Carroll, Lance Turtle, Thushan de Silva

Summary: This study compares immune responses to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in healthcare workers with and without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. The results show that previously infected individuals have stronger spike-specific T-cell and antibody responses after receiving a single dose of the vaccine compared to SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals. This suggests that a single dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine is likely to provide better protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals with previous infection.

LANCET MICROBE (2022)

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Article Immunology

Impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine on Asymptomatic Infection Among Patients Undergoing Preprocedural COVID-19 Molecular Screening

Aaron J. Tande, Benjamin D. Pollock, Nilay D. Shah, Gianrico Farrugia, Abinash Virk, Melanie Swift, Laura Breeher, Matthew Binnicker, Elie F. Berbari

Summary: This study found a significant association between vaccination with mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines and reduced risk of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Risk of hospitalisation associated with infection with SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant versus delta variant in Denmark: an observational cohort study

Peter Bager, Jan Wohlfahrt, Samir Bhatt, Marc Stegger, Rebecca Legarth, Camilla Holten Moller, Robert Leo Skov, Palle Valentiner-Branth, Marianne Voldstedlund, Thea K. Fischer, Lone Simonsen, Nikolai Soren Kirkby, Marianne Kragh Thomsen, Katja Spiess, Ellinor Marving, Nicolai Balle Larsen, Troels Lillebaek, Henrik Ullum, Kare Molbak, Tyra Grove Krause

Summary: This study aimed to estimate the risk of hospitalization after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant compared with the delta variant in Denmark. The results showed that vaccination was associated with a lower risk of hospitalization, and Omicron infection was associated with a lower risk of hospitalization compared to Delta infection.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Schiff Bases: Data Collection and Recent Studies

Jessica Ceramella, Domenico Iacopetta, Alessia Catalano, Francesca Cirillo, Rosamaria Lappano, Maria Stefania Sinicropi

Summary: Schiff bases have a wide range of applications in various fields and their conjugation with chitosan can enhance chitosan's antibacterial activity. The use of Schiff base nanoparticles can also improve their antimicrobial effects.

ANTIBIOTICS-BASEL (2022)

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Article Immunology

Deliberation, Dissent, and Distrust: Understanding Distinct Drivers of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States

Khai Hoan Tram, Sahar Saeed, Cory Bradley, Branson Fox, Ingrid Eshun-Wilson, Aaloke Mody, Elvin Geng

Summary: Despite the availability of COVID-19 vaccines, a significant portion of the American population remains hesitant or unwilling to get vaccinated. Factors such as income, education, and political leaning contribute to vaccine hesitancy. Slight differences exist in the reasons behind vaccine hesitancy and vaccine rejection, with deliberative reasons being more common among hesitant individuals and reasons of dissent or distrust being more common among those who reject the vaccine.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy among health care workers, communication, and policy-making

Stephanie M. Toth-Manikowski, Eric S. Swirsky, Rupali Gandhi, Gina Piscitello

Summary: The survey revealed that most healthcare workers are willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, but a significant number remain hesitant. Factors such as race, political affiliation, and allergies were found to affect healthcare workers' decision on vaccination. Efforts to improve communication and support from colleagues may help increase vaccination rates among healthcare workers.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL (2022)

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Article Immunology

Phage Therapy of Mycobacterium Infections: Compassionate Use of Phages in 20 Patients With Drug-Resistant Mycobacterial Disease

Rebekah M. Dedrick, Bailey E. Smith, Madison Cristinziano, Krista G. Freeman, Deborah Jacobs-Sera, Yvonne Belessis, A. Whitney Brown, Keira A. Cohen, Rebecca M. Davidson, David van Duin, Andrew Gainey, Cristina Berastegui Garcia, C. R. Robert George, Ghady Haidar, Winnie Ip, Jonathan Iredell, Ameneh Khatami, Jessica S. Little, Kirsi Malmivaara, Brendan J. McMullan, David E. Michalik, Andrea Moscatelli, Jerry A. Nick, Maria G. Tupayachi Ortiz, Hari M. Polenakovik, Paul D. Robinson, Mikael Skurnik, Daniel A. Solomon, James Soothill, Helen Spencer, Peter Wark, Austen Worth, Robert T. Schooley, Constance A. Benson, Graham F. Hatfull

Summary: Bacteriophage therapy shows potential as an adjunctive treatment for nontuberculous Mycobacterium infections. This study observed no adverse reactions, favorable outcomes in at least 50% of patients, and no evidence of phage resistance.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Clinical characteristics of ambulatory and hospitalized patients with monkeypox virus infection: an observational cohort study

Morgane Mailhe, Anne-Lise Beaumont, Michael Thy, Diane Le Pluart, Segolene Perrineau, Nadhira Houhou-Fidouh, Laurene Deconinck, Chloe Bertin, Valentine Marie Ferre, Marie Cortier, Clementine De La Porte Des Vaux, Bao-Chau Phung, Bastien Mollo, Melanie Cresta, Fabrice Bouscarat, Christophe Choquet, Diane Descamps, Jade Ghosn, Francois-Xavier Lescure, Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Veronique Joly, Nathan Peiffer-Smadja

Summary: A global outbreak of monkeypox virus infections in human beings has been described since April 2022. The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical characteristics and complications of patients with a monkeypox infection. A total of 264 consecutive patients with a PCR-confirmed monkeypox infection seen in a French referral centre were included.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2023)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Safety of mRNA vaccines administered during the initial 6 months of the US COVID-19 vaccination programme: an observational study of reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System and v-safe

Hannah G. Rosenblum, Julianne Gee, Ruiling Liu, Paige L. Marquez, Bicheng Zhang, Penelope Strid, Winston E. Abara, Michael M. McNeil, Tanya R. Myers, Anne M. Hause, John R. Su, Lauri E. Markowitz, Tom T. Shimabukuro, David K. Shay

Summary: The surveillance data from the first 6 months of the US COVID-19 vaccination program, involving over 298 million doses of mRNA vaccines, demonstrate that the majority of reported adverse events were mild and of short duration.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Shorter serial intervals in SARS-CoV-2 cases with Omicron BA.1 variant compared with Delta variant, the Netherlands, 13 to 26 December 2021

Jantlen A. Backer, Dirk Eggink, Stijn P. Andeweg, Irene K. Veldhuizen, Noortje van Maarseveen, Klaas Vermaas, Boris Vlaemynck, Raf Schepers, Susan van den Hof, Chantal B. E. M. Reusken, Jacco Wallinga

Summary: The SARS- CoV-2 Omicron variant has a growth advantage over the Delta variant due to higher transmissibility, immune evasion, or a shorter serial interval.

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2022)

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Review Immunology

Monkeypox virus emerges from the shadow of its more infamous cousin: family biology matters

Yan Xiang, Addison White

Summary: Monkeypox virus is a closely related virus to smallpox virus, causing a milder febrile rash illness in humans. While it used to be a rare zoonotic disease confined to forested areas in West and Central Africa, the number of cases and geographical range have significantly increased in recent years. The outbreak of monkeypox since May 2022 in multiple countries, with a large number of cases and no direct links to endemic areas, raises concerns about a possible change in transmission pattern and a greater global threat. This review highlights recent progress in understanding the virus host range, evolutionary potential, and neutralization targets for risk assessment and preparedness for a monkeypox epidemic.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2022)

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Article Immunology

Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines on the Treatment and Management of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Adarsh Bhimraj, Rebecca L. Morgan, Amy Hirsch Shumaker, Lindsey Baden, Vincent Chi Chung Cheng, Kathryn M. Edwards, Jason C. Gallagher, Rajesh T. Gandhi, William J. Muller, Mari M. Nakamura, John C. O'Horo, Robert W. Shafer, Shmuel Shoham, M. Hassan Murad, Reem A. Mustafa, Shahnaz Sultan, Yngve Falck-Ytter

Summary: This article introduces the guidelines developed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment and management of COVID-19. The guideline panel regularly reviews the evidence and uses the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of evidence and make recommendations. The panel has made 32 recommendations for different groups/populations, including prophylaxis, ambulatory patients with mild-to-moderate disease, and hospitalized patients. These are living guidelines and the most recent recommendations can be found on the specified website.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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