Infectious Diseases

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Article Immunology

Effectiveness of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Messenger RNA Vaccines for Preventing Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hospitalizations in the United States

Mark W. Tenforde, Manish M. Patel, Adit A. Ginde, David J. Douin, H. Keipp Talbot, Jonathan D. Casey, Nicholas M. Mohr, Anne Zepeski, Manjusha Gaglani, Tresa McNeal, Shekhar Ghamande, Nathan Shapiro, Kevin W. Gibbs, D. Clark Files, David N. Hager, Arber Shehu, Matthew E. Prekker, Heidi L. Erickson, Matthew C. Exline, Michelle N. Gong, Amira Mohamed, Daniel J. Henning, Jay S. Steingrub, Ithan D. Peltan, Samuel M. Brown, Emily T. Martin, Arnold S. Monto, Akram Khan, Catherine L. Hough, Laurence W. Busse, Caitlin C. ten Lohuis, Abhijit Duggal, Jennifer G. Wilson, Alexandra June Gordon, Nida Qadir, Steven Y. Chang, Christopher Mallow, Hayley B. Gershengorn, Hilary M. Babcock, Jennie H. Kwon, Natasha Halasa, James D. Chappell, Adam S. Lauring, Carlos G. Grijalva, Todd W. Rice, Ian D. Jones, William B. Stubblefield, Adrienne Baughman, Kelsey N. Womack, Christopher J. Lindsell, Kimberly W. Hart, Yuwei Zhu, Samantha M. Olson, Meagan Stephenson, Stephanie J. Schrag, Miwako Kobayashi, Jennifer R. Verani, Wesley H. Self

Summary: From March to May 2021, full vaccination using authorized mRNA products was associated with 87.1% protection against COVID-19 hospitalization among US adults, with lower effectiveness in adults with immunosuppression compared to those without. Vaccination was beneficial for patients with immunosuppression, but the effectiveness was lower in this population.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Vaccine effectiveness of one, two, and three doses of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac against COVID-19 in Hong Kong: a population-based observational study

Martina E. McMenamin, Joshua Nealon, Yun Lin, Jessica Y. Wong, Justin K. Cheung, Eric H. Y. Lau, Peng Wu, Gabriel M. Leung, Benjamin J. Cowling

Summary: In Hong Kong, two doses of either BNT162b2 or CoronaVac vaccines are effective in preventing severe disease and death, with higher effectiveness seen in adults aged 60 years or older with BNT162b2. Three doses of either vaccine offer a very high level of protection against severe or fatal outcomes.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV, in people younger than 18 years: a randomised, double-blind, controlled, phase 1/2 trial

ShengLi Xia, YunTao Zhang, YanXia Wang, Hui Wang, YunKai Yang, George Fu Gao, WenJie Tan, GuiZhen Wu, Miao Xu, ZhiYong Lou, WeiJin Huang, WenBo Xu, BaoYing Huang, Wei Wang, Wei Zhang, Na Li, ZhiQiang Xie, Xiujuan Zhu, Ling Ding, WangYang You, YuXiu Zhao, Jun Zhao, LiLi Huang, XueZhong Shi, YongLi Yang, GuangXue Xu, WenLing Wang, PeiPei Liu, Meng Ma, YuLing Qiao, SuHua Zhao, JingJing Chai, QinQin Li, Hui Fu, Ying Xu, XiaoTong Zheng, WanShen Guo, XiaoMing Yang

Summary: This study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine BBIBP-CorV in participants aged 3-17 years. The results showed that BBIBP-CorV was safe and well tolerated at all tested dose levels and induced robust antibody responses. Phase 3 trials are recommended in the population younger than 18 years to further assess its safety and protection efficacy against COVID-19.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Review Immunology

Monkeypox: A Contemporary Review for Healthcare Professionals

Boghuma K. Titanji, Bryan Tegomoh, Saman Nematollahi, Michael Konomos, Prathit A. Kulkarni

Summary: Monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic disease of global health concern that has significant epidemic potential. Healthcare professionals worldwide should familiarize themselves with the clinical presentations and management of this viral infection, especially in light of ongoing outbreaks.

OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

COVID-19 vaccine waning and effectiveness and side-effects of boosters: a prospective community study from the ZOE COVID Study

Cristina Menni, Anna May, Lorenzo Polidori, Panayiotis Louca, Jonathan Wolf, Joan Capdevila, Christina Hu, Sebastien Ourselin, Claire J. Steves, Ana M. Valdes, Tim D. Spector

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness and waning of COVID-19 primary vaccine series, as well as the safety and effectiveness of booster doses. The results showed that vaccine effectiveness decreased after the second dose, but booster doses restored effectiveness. However, heterologous booster regimens had more systemic side-effects.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

Imported Monkeypox from International Traveler, Maryland, USA, 2021

Varea Costello, Madeleine Sowash, Aahana Gaur, Michael Cardis, Helena Pasieka, Glenn Wortmann, Sheena Ramdeen

Summary: A case of monkeypox was diagnosed in a traveler from Nigeria who returned to Maryland, USA. The implementation of prompt infection control measures prevented secondary cases among 40 healthcare workers who were exposed. Given the global health implications, it is crucial for public health systems to be equipped with effective strategies to mitigate the potential spread of monkeypox.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

The Effectiveness of the Two-Dose BNT162b2 Vaccine: Analysis of Real-World Data

Gabriel Chodick, Lilac Tene, Ran S. Rotem, Tal Patalon, Sivan Gazit, Amir Ben-Tov, Clara Weil, Inbal Goldshtein, Gilad Twig, Dani Cohen, Khitam Muhsen

Summary: The study evaluated the real-world effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine in Israel, showing a significantly reduced incidence of infection during the protection period compared to the reference period. The vaccine demonstrated 90% effectiveness in preventing infection and 94% effectiveness against COVID-19, with lower efficacy observed in immunosuppressed elderly individuals.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Letter Immunology

Probable Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Quarantine Hotel, Hong Kong, China, November 2021

Haogao Gu, Pavithra Krishnan, Daisy Y. M. Ng, Lydia D. J. Chang, Gigi Y. Z. Liu, Samuel S. M. Cheng, Mani M. Y. Hui, Mathew C. Y. Fan, Jacob H. L. Wan, Leo H. K. Lau, Benjamin J. Cowling, Malik Peiris, Leo L. M. Poon

Summary: Despite strict quarantine precautions, transmission of the Omicron variant occurred between fully vaccinated travelers in a quarantine hotel in Hong Kong, China.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Bell's palsy following vaccination with mRNA (BNT162b2) and inactivated (CoronaVac) SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a case series and nested case-control study

Eric Yuk Fai Wan, Celine Sze Ling Chui, Francisco Tsz Tsun Lai, Esther Wai Yin Chan, Xue Li, Vincent Ka Chun Yan, Le Gao, Qiuyan Yu, Ivan Chun Hang Lam, Raccoon Ka Cheong Chun, Benjamin John Cowling, Wing Chi Fong, Alexander Yuk Lun Lau, Vincent Chung Tong Mok, Frank Ling Fung Chan, Cheuk Kwong Lee, Lot Sze Tao Chan, Dawin Lo, Kui Kai Lau, Ivan Fan Ngai Hung, Gabriel Matthew Leung, Ian Chi Kei Wong

Summary: The study evaluated the risk of Bell's palsy after vaccination with BNT162b2 and CoronaVac, finding an increased risk of Bell's palsy following CoronaVac vaccination. However, the overall benefits and protective effects of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine far outweigh the risk of this generally self-limiting adverse event.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Reduced risk of hospitalisation among reported COVID-19 cases infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 variant compared with the Delta variant, Norway, December 2021 to January 2022

Lamprini Veneti, Hakon Boas, Anja Brathen Kristoffersen, Jeanette Stalcrantz, Karoline Bragstad, Olav Hungnes, Margrethe Larsdatter Storm, Nina Aasand, Gunnar Ro, Jostein Starrfelt, Elina Seppala, Reidar Kvale, Line Vold, Karin Nygard, Eirik Alnes Buanes, Robert Whittaker

Summary: A study found that the Omicron variant of COVID-19 has a 73% reduced risk of hospitalization compared to the Delta variant. Omicron cases who had received two doses of the vaccine 7-179 days before diagnosis had a lower risk compared to Delta (66% vs 93%), while those who received three doses had a similar risk reduction (86% vs 88%).

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Real-world effectiveness of early molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir- ritonavir in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 without supplemental oxygen requirement on admission during Hong Kong's omicron BA.2 wave: a retrospective cohort study

Carlos K. H. Wong, Ivan C. H. Au, Kristy T. K. Lau, Eric H. Y. Lau, Benjamin J. Cowling, Gabriel M. Leung

Summary: This retrospective cohort study evaluated the clinical and virological outcomes associated with molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir-ritonavir use in hospitalised patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. The results showed that recipients of oral antivirals had a lower risk of all-cause mortality, disease progression, need for oxygen therapy, and a shorter time to reaching a low viral burden. The study supports the early use of oral antivirals in this population of patients.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Editorial Material Infectious Diseases

Monkeypox virus isolation from a semen sample collected in the early phase of infection in a patient with prolonged seminal viral shedding

Daniele Lapa, Fabrizio Carletti, Valentina Mazzotta, Giulia Matusali, Carmela Pinnetti, Silvia Meschi, Roberta Gagliardini, Francesca Colavita, Annalisa Mondi, Claudia Minosse, Laura Scorzolini, Stefania Cicalini, Gaetano Maffongelli, Eliana Specchiarello, Marta Camici, Aurora Bettini, Francesco Baldini, Massimo Francalancia, Klizia Mizzoni, Anna Rosa Garbuglia, Emanuele Nicastri, Enrico Girardi, Andrea Antinori, Francesco Vaia, Fabrizio Maggi

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Risk factors and outcome of pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 patients-a multinational observational study by the European Confederation of Medical Mycology

Juergen Prattes, Joost Wauters, Daniele Roberto Giacobbe, Jon Salmanton-Garcia, Johan Maertens, Marc Bourgeois, Marijke Reynders, Lynn Rutsaert, Niels Van Regenmortel, Piet Lormans, Simon Feys, Alexander Christian Reisinger, Oliver A. Cornely, Tobias Lahmer, Maricela Valerio, Laurence Delhaes, Kauser Jabeen, Joerg Steinmann, Mathilde Chamula, Matteo Bassetti, Stefan Hatzl, Riina Rautemaa-Richardson, Philipp Koehler, Katrien Lagrou, Martin Hoenigl

Summary: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) is a common complication among critically ill COVID-19 patients in ICU. It is more prevalent in older patients, those receiving invasive ventilation, and those receiving tocilizumab treatment. CAPA is an independent predictor of ICU mortality.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2022)

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Article Immunology

Infectious Diseases Society of America 2022 Guidance on the Treatment of Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase Producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E), Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Difficult-to-Treat Resistance (DTR-P. aeruginosa)

Pranita D. Tamma, Samuel L. Aitken, Robert A. Bonomo, Amy J. Mathers, David van Duin, Cornelius J. Clancy

Summary: This article provides updated guidance on the treatment of infections caused by ESBL-E, CRE, and DTR-P. aeruginosa. The guidance was developed by a panel of infectious diseases specialists and includes preferred and alternative treatment recommendations. The document emphasizes the importance of consulting with an infectious diseases specialist for the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant infections.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

Viral Load of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Respiratory Aerosols Emitted by Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) While Breathing, Talking, and Singing

Kristen K. Coleman, Douglas Jie Wen Tay, Kai Sen Tan, Sean Wei Xiang Ong, The Son Than, Ming Hui Koh, Yi Qing Chin, Haziq Nasir, Tze Minn Mak, Justin Jang Hann Chu, Donald K. Milton, Vincent T. K. Chow, Paul Anantharajah Tambyah, Mark Chen, Kwok Wai Tham

Summary: The study found that fine aerosols generated during talking and singing contain more SARS-CoV-2 copies than coarse aerosols, potentially playing a key role in virus transmission. Patients in earlier stages of illness were more likely to emit detectable RNA, highlighting the importance of addressing fine aerosol exposure, especially in indoor settings. Challenges remain in isolating viable SARS-CoV-2 from respiratory aerosol samples, prompting the need for larger-scale studies on emerging variants.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

Circulating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccine Antigen Detected in the Plasma of mRNA-1273 Vaccine Recipients

Alana F. Ogata, Chi-An Cheng, Michael Desjardins, Yasmeen Senussi, Amy C. Sherman, Megan Powell, Lewis Novack, Salena Von, Xiaofang Li, Lindsey R. Baden, David R. Walt

Summary: The study found that most participants showed detectable levels of SARS-CoV-2 protein as early as day 1 after receiving the mRNA-1273 vaccine, and the clearance of detectable SARS-CoV-2 protein correlated with the production of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA).

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Healthcare-Associated Infections

Meghan A. Baker, Kenneth E. Sands, Susan S. Huang, Ken Kleinman, Edward J. Septimus, Neha Varma, Jackie Blanchard, Russell E. Poland, Micaela H. Coady, Deborah S. Yokoe, Sarah Fraker, Allison Froman, Julia Moody, Laurel Goldin, Amanda Isaacs, Kacie Kleja, Kimberly M. Korwek, John Stelling, Adam Clark, Richard Platt, Jonathan B. Perlin

Summary: COVID-19 surges adversely impact healthcare-associated infection rates and clusters of infections within hospitals, emphasizing the need for balancing COVID-related demands with routine hospital infection prevention.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

The BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Elicits Robust Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Bezawit A. Woldemeskel, Andrew H. Karaba, Caroline C. Garliss, Evan J. Beck, Kristy H. Wang, Oliver Laeyendecker, Andrea L. Cox, Joel N. Blankson

Summary: Past studies have shown that some vaccines do not elicit optimal responses in individuals living with HIV. However, this study demonstrates that the BNT162b2 vaccine induces robust immune responses in these patients comparable to those in healthy donors.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Monkeypox infection presenting as genital rash, Australia, May 2022

Yael Hammerschlag, Gina MacLeod, Georgina Papadakis, Asiel Adan Sanchez, Julian Druce, George Taiaroa, Ivana Savic, Jamie Mumford, Jason Roberts, Leon Caly, Deborah Friedman, Deborah A. Williamson, Allen C. Cheng, James H. McMahon

Summary: A case of monkeypox was confirmed in an HIV-positive individual receiving antiretroviral therapy in Australia, with the patient developing systemic illness and disseminated rash necessitating hospitalization.

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Efficacy and safety of two neutralising monoclonal antibody therapies, sotrovimab and BRII-196 plus BRII-198, for adults hospitalised with COVID-19 (TICO): a randomised controlled trial

Wesley H. Self, Uriel Sandkovsky, Cavan S. Reilly, David M. Vock, Robert L. Gottlieb, Michael Mack, Kevin Golden, Emma Dishner, Andrew Vekstein, Emily R. Ko, Tatyana Der, John Franzone, Eyad Almasri, Mohamed Fayed, Michael R. Filbin, Kathryn A. Hibbert, Todd W. Rice, Jonathan D. Casey, J. Awori Hayanga, Vinay Badhwar, Bradley G. Leshnower, Milad Sharifpour, Kirk U. Knowlton, Ithan D. Peltan, Elizieta Bakowska, Justyna Kowalska, Michael E. Bowdish, Jeffrey M. Sturek, Angela J. Rogers, D. Clark Files, Jarrod M. Mosier, Michelle N. Gong, David J. Douin, R. Duncan Hite, Barbara W. Trautner, Mamta K. Jain, Edward M. Gardner, Akram Khan, Jens-Ulrik Jensen, Michael A. Matthay, Adit A. Ginde, Samuel M. Brown, Elizabeth S. Higgs, Sarah Pett, Amy C. Weintrob, Christina C. Chang, Daniel D. Murrary, Huldrych F. Gunthard, Ellen Moquete, Greg Grandits, Nicole Engen, Birgit Grund, Shweta Sharma, Huyen Cao, Rajesh Gupta, Suzette Osei, David Margolis, Qing Zhu, Mark N. Polizzotto, Abdel G. Babiker, Victoria J. Davey, Virginia Kan, B. Taylor Thompson, Annetine C. Gelijns, James D. Neaton, H. Clifford Lane, Jens D. Lundgren

Summary: This study assessed the efficacy and safety of two neutralising monoclonal antibody therapies for adults hospitalised with COVID-19. The results showed that neither of the therapies showed significant improvement in clinical outcomes among COVID-19 patients.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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