Immunology

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Review Immunology

The T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2

Paul Moss

Summary: T cell immunity plays a central role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection, with early responses correlating with protection. T cell memory provides broad recognition of viral proteins, limiting the impact of viral variants and offering protection against severe disease. Current COVID-19 vaccines elicit robust T cell responses, contributing to the prevention of hospitalization or death. Therefore, the importance of T cell immunity may have been underestimated.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Immunology

Fatigue and cognitive impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Felicia Ceban, Susan Ling, Leanna M. W. Lui, Yena Lee, Hartej Gill, Kayla M. Teopiz, Nelson B. Rodrigues, Mehala Subramaniapillai, Joshua D. Di Vincenzo, Bing Cao, Kangguang Lin, Rodrigo B. Mansur, Roger C. Ho, Joshua D. Rosenblat, Kamilla W. Miskowiak, Maj Vinberg, Vladimir Maletic, Roger S. McIntyre

Summary: Post-COVID-19 syndrome, characterized by persistent symptoms after resolution of acute infection, is associated with significant fatigue and cognitive impairment. This study aimed to quantify the proportion of individuals experiencing fatigue and cognitive impairment 12 or more weeks after COVID-19 diagnosis, and to explore the inflammatory and functional consequences of post-COVID-19 syndrome. The results showed that a significant proportion of individuals continue to experience fatigue and cognitive impairment even after 12 or more weeks of COVID-19 diagnosis. Additionally, some individuals showed elevated levels of inflammatory markers and significant functional impairment.

BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY (2022)

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Article Immunology

Reduced Incidence of Long Coronavirus Disease Referrals to the Cambridge University Teaching Hospital Long Coronavirus Disease Clinic

Benjamin A. Krishna, Marina Metaxaki, Mark R. Wills, Nyaradzai Sithole

Summary: Vaccination in the United Kingdom is associated with a 79% reduction in long COVID referrals, indicating the potential of vaccines in decreasing chronic symptoms.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

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Review Immunology

Airborne or Droplet Precautions for Health Workers Treating Coronavirus Disease 2019?

Prateek Bahl, Con Doolan, Charitha de Silva, Abrar Ahmad Chughtai, Lydia Bourouiba, C. Raina MacIntyre

Summary: Cases of COVID-19 have been reported worldwide, with a high number of healthcare workers being infected. There are conflicting guidelines for COVID-19 prevention, and the available evidence does not support droplet precautions and a 1- to 2-meter spatial separation rule.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

Exportation of Monkeypox Virus From the African Continent

Matthew R. Mauldin, Andrea M. McCollum, Yoshinori J. Nakazawa, Anna Mandra, Erin R. Whitehouse, Whitni Davidson, Hui Zhao, Jinxin Gao, Yu Li, Jeffrey Doty, Adesola Yinka-Ogunleye, Afolabi Akinpelu, Olusola Aruna, Dhamari Naidoo, Kuiama Lewandowski, Babak Afrough, Victoria Graham, Emma Aarons, Roger Hewson, Richard Vipond, Jake Dunning, Meera Chand, Colin Brown, Inbar Cohen-Gihon, Noam Erez, Ohad Shifman, Ofir Israeli, Melamed Sharon, Eli Schwartz, Adi Beth-Din, Anat Zvi, Tze Minn Mak, Yi Kai Ng, Lin Cui, Raymond T. P. Lin, Victoria A. Olson, Tim Brooks, Nir Paran, Chikwe Ihekweazu, Mary G. Reynolds

Summary: There is no direct linkage between the individuals who exported the monkeypox cases from Nigeria, but there is limited genetic variation among the viruses, suggesting a possible common source or independent infections within a small geographic area.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Review Immunology

Inflammation in obesity, diabetes, and related disorders

Theresa Rohm, Daniel T. Meier, Jerrold M. Olefsky, Marc Y. Donath

Summary: Obesity can cause chronic systemic inflammation, leading to insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, and ultimately type 2 diabetes. This inflammatory state also contributes to long-term complications of diabetes and may be associated with other conditions like Alzheimer's disease and polycystic ovarian syndrome.

IMMUNITY (2022)

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Review Immunology

Immunogenic cell stress and death

Guido Kroemer, Claudia Galassi, Laurence Zitvogel, Lorenzo Galluzzi

Summary: Immunogenic cell death (ICD) plays an important role in therapy and disease, as dying mammalian cells release signals that interact with the host to determine the immunological correlates of cellular stress and death. ICD is crucial in immunosurveillance and is related to strategies evolved by pathogens and cancer cells. Additionally, normal cell death can also initiate antigen-specific immune responses.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Immunology

Global Prevalence of Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Chen Chen, Spencer R. Haupert, Lauren Zimmermann, Xu Shi, Lars G. Fritsche, Bhramar Mukherjee

Summary: This study reveals a substantial prevalence of post-COVID-19 condition worldwide. Hospitalized patients have a higher prevalence compared to non-hospitalized ones. Fatigue is the most commonly reported symptom.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection

Chansavath Phetsouphanh, David Darley, Daniel B. Wilson, Annett Howe, C. Mee Ling Munier, Sheila K. Patel, Jennifer A. Juno, Louise M. Burrell, Stephen J. Kent, Gregory J. Dore, Anthony D. Kelleher, Gail Matthews

Summary: Phetsouphanh and colleagues found that individuals with long COVID exhibit persistent activation of the immune system even 8 months after infection. They also identified a set of analytes associated with long COVID, suggesting potential opportunities for prevention and treatment.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Allergy

The international EAACI/GA2LEN/EuroGuiDerm/APAAACI guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria

Torsten Zuberbier, Amir Hamzah Abdul Latiff, Mohamed Abuzakouk, Susan Aquilina, Riccardo Asero, Diane Baker, Barbara Ballmer-Weber, Christine Bangert, Moshe Ben-Shoshan, Jonathan A. Bernstein, Carsten Bindslev-Jensen, Knut Brockow, Zenon Brzoza, Herberto Jose Chong Neto, Martin K. Church, Paulo R. Criado, Inna V. Danilycheva, Corinna Dressler, Luis Felipe Ensina, Luz Fonacier, Matthew Gaskins, Krisztian Gaspar, Asli Gelincik, Ana Gimenez-Arnau, Kiran Godse, Margarida Goncalo, Clive Grattan, Martine Grosber, Eckard Hamelmann, Jacques Hebert, Michihiro Hide, Allen Kaplan, Alexander Kapp, Aharon Kessel, Emek Kocaturk, Kanokvalai Kulthanan, Desiree Larenas-Linnemann, Antti Lauerma, Tabi A. Leslie, Markus Magerl, Michael Makris, Raisa Y. Meshkova, Martin Metz, Daniel Micallef, Charlotte G. Mortz, Alexander Nast, Hanneke Oude-Elberink, Ruby Pawankar, Paolo D. Pigatto, Hector Ratti Sisa, Maria Isabel Rojo Gutierrez, Sarbjit S. Saini, Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier, Bulent E. Sekerel, Frank Siebenhaar, Hanna Siiskonen, Angele Soria, Petra Staubach-Renz, Luca Stingeni, Gordon Sussman, Andrea Szegedi, Simon Francis Thomsen, Zahava Vadasz, Christian Vestergaard, Bettina Wedi, Zuotao Zhao, Marcus Maurer

Summary: The updated international guideline for urticaria was developed jointly by multiple international organizations, with participants from 50 countries and international societies, aiming to provide expert guidance on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for different subtypes of urticaria.

ALLERGY (2022)

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Article Immunology

Omicron variant showed lower neutralizing sensitivity than other SARS-CoV-2 variants to immune sera elicited by vaccines after boost

Jingwen Ai, Haocheng Zhang, Yi Zhang, Ke Lin, Yanliang Zhang, Jing Wu, Yanming Wan, Yanfang Huang, Jieyu Song, Zhangfan Fu, Hongyu Wang, Jingxin Guo, Ning Jiang, Mingxiang Fan, Yang Zhou, Yuanhan Zhao, Qiran Zhang, Qiang Liu, Jing Lv, Peiyao Li, Chao Qiu, Wenhong Zhang

Summary: This study explored the immunogenicity of different vaccination strategies against the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. The results showed that the Omicron variant has a high immune escape ability compared to other variants, but heterologous protein subunit vaccines and homologous inactivated vaccine boosters can improve neutralization against Omicron.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2022)

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Article Immunology

Neutralization of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Omicron Variant by Sera From BNT162b2 or CoronaVac Vaccine Recipients

Lu Lu, Bobo Wing-Yee Mok, Lin-Lei Chen, Jacky Man-Chun Chan, Owen Tak-Yin Tsang, Bosco Hoi-Shiu Lam, Vivien Wai-Man Chuang, Allen Wing-Ho Chu, Wan-Mui Chan, Jonathan Daniel Ip, Brian Pui-Chun Chan, Ruiqi Zhang, Cyril Chik-Yan Yip, Vincent Chi-Chung Cheng, Kwok-Hung Chan, Dong-Yan Jin, Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung, Kwok-Yung Yuen, Honglin Chen, Kelvin Kai-Wang To

Summary: Immune sera from BNT162b2 and Coronavac recipients showed reduced neutralizing antibody titers against the omicron variant. The presence of the spike R346K mutation did not affect the neutralization susceptibility.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Review Immunology

Pathological sequelae of long-haul COVID

Saurabh Mehandru, Miriam Merad

Summary: This review examines the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of post-COVID-19 syndromes, including persistent inflammation, induced autoimmunity, and putative viral reservoirs. The disease is called 'long-haul COVID' or 'post-COVID-19 syndrome', and clinical symptoms include fatigue, dyspnea, and neuropsychiatric syndromes.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Immunology

Clinical and Virological Features of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Variants of Concern: A Retrospective Cohort Study Comparing B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), and B.1.617.2 (Delta)

Sean Wei Xiang Ong, Calvin J. Chiew, Li Wei Ang, Tze-Minn Mak, Lin Cui, Matthias Paul H. S. Toh, Yi Ding Lim, Pei Hua Lee, Tau Hong Lee, Po Ying Chia, Sebastian Maurer-Stroh, Raymond T. P. Lin, Yee-Sin Leo, Vernon J. Lee, David Chien Lye, Barnaby Edward Young

Summary: The study revealed an association between infection with the B.1.617.2 variant and increased disease severity, higher viral loads, and prolonged duration of viral shedding. Vaccination remained protective against severe outcomes.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

Divergent SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-reactive T and B cell responses in COVID-19 vaccine recipients

Corine H. GeurtsvanKessel, Daryl Geers, Katharina S. Schmitz, Anna Z. Mykytyn, Mart M. Lamers, Susanne Bogers, Sandra Scherbeijn, Lennert Gommers, Roos S. G. Sablerolles, Nella N. Nieuwkoop, Laurine C. Rijsbergen, Laura L. A. van Dijk, Janet de Wilde, Kimberley Alblas, Tim Breugem, Bart J. A. Rijnders, Herbert de Jager, Daniela Weiskopf, P. Hugo M. van der Kuy, Alessandro Sette, Marion P. G. Koopmans, Alba Grifoni, Bart L. Haagmans, Rory D. de Vries

Summary: This study demonstrates that vaccinated individuals retain T cell immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, despite low levels of neutralizing antibodies. Booster vaccinations can partially restore cross-neutralization of the Omicron variant.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Immunology

Persistent Symptoms in Adult Patients 1 Year After Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Prospective Cohort Study

Jessica Seessle, Tim Waterboer, Theresa Hippchen, Julia Simon, Marietta Kirchner, Adeline Lim, Barbara Mueller, Uta Merle

Summary: Long COVID, defined as persistent symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection, can last for at least 1 year and significantly impact life quality. Neurocognitive symptoms, possibly related to autoimmunity indicated by elevated ANA titers, are more common in females and can persist even when SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels are not significantly different from patients without symptoms.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Review Immunology

Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease

Malu Gamez Tansey, Rebecca L. Wallings, Madelyn C. Houser, Mary K. Herrick, Cody E. Keating, Valerie Joers

Summary: This review explores the role of an ageing immune system, host genetics, and exposure to environmental stressors in promoting the development of Parkinson's disease. It discusses the presence of neuroinflammation and alterations in immune cell populations as well as the potential contributions of viral or bacterial exposure, pesticides, and gut microbiota to disease pathogenesis.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant shows less efficient replication and fusion activity when compared with Delta variant in TMPRSS2-expressed cells

Hanjun Zhao, Lu Lu, Zheng Peng, Lin-Lei Chen, Xinjin Meng, Chuyuan Zhang, Jonathan Daniel Ip, Wan-Mui Chan, Allen Wing-Ho Chu, Kwok-Hung Chan, Dong-Yan Jin, Honglin Chen, Kwok-Yung Yuen, Kelvin Kai-Wang To

Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has distinct virological characteristics compared to the Delta variant. It replicates more slowly and its entry pathway is mediated primarily through the endocytic pathway instead of TMPRSS2 pathway. This difference in entry pathway may have implications for the clinical manifestations or severity of the disease.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2022)

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Article Immunology

Effectiveness of Paxlovid in Reducing Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Mortality in High-Risk Patients

Ronza Najjar-Debbiny, Naomi Gronich, Gabriel Weber, Johad Khoury, Maisam Amar, Nili Stein, Lee Hilary Goldstein, Walid Saliba

Summary: This study assessed the effectiveness of Paxlovid in high-risk COVID-19 patients in real-world settings. The findings demonstrate that Paxlovid is highly effective in reducing the risk of death and severe COVID-19 in the Omicron era. The study also suggests that Paxlovid may be more effective in older patients, immunosuppressed patients, and patients with underlying neurological or cardiovascular disease. Vaccination status did not significantly impact the effectiveness of Paxlovid.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

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Review Immunology

Innate immunity: the first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2

Michael S. Diamond, Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti

Summary: Kanneganti and Diamond review the crucial role of innate immunity in controlling and immunopathology of COVID-19. They discuss how the innate immune system detects and responds to SARS-CoV-2, which can help identify targeted therapeutic approaches to mitigate severe diseases and improve patient outcomes.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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