Immunology

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Article Immunology

Vaccination before or after SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to robust humoral response and antibodies that effectively neutralize variants

Timothy A. Bates, Savannah K. McBride, Hans C. Leier, Gaelen Guzman, Zoe L. Lyski, Devin Schoen, Bradie Winders, Joon-Yong Lee, David Xthona Lee, William B. Messer, Marcel E. Curlin, Fikadu G. Tafesse

Summary: This study found that individuals who previously recovered from COVID-19 and received vaccination (hybrid immunity) have enhanced immune responses. The effects of post-vaccination breakthrough infections on humoral immune response needs further investigation. However, regardless of whether it occurs before or after vaccination, natural infection substantially boosts the quantity, quality, and breadth of humoral immune response.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19: could lessons from the past help in divining the future?

Charles Shey Wiysonge, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Jill Ryan, Anelisa Jaca, Oumarou Batoure, Blanche-Philomene Melanga Anya, Sara Cooper

Summary: Vaccine hesitancy poses a significant threat to global health during the COVID-19 pandemic, hindering efforts to achieve herd immunity and potentially prolonging the crisis. Tailored strategies to address vaccine hesitancy based on local determinants are essential for successful vaccination campaigns.

HUMAN VACCINES & IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS (2022)

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Review Immunology

Natural killer cells in antiviral immunity

Niklas K. Bjorkstrom, Benedikt Strunz, Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren

Summary: This review explores the role of natural killer cells in acute and chronic viral infections, particularly focusing on insights from patients with primary immunodeficiencies. It also discusses the involvement of natural killer cells in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The review highlights the importance of NK cells in innate immune responses to viral infections and provides recent insights into their role in human studies.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Immunology

Effectiveness of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Messenger RNA Vaccines for Preventing Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hospitalizations in the United States

Mark W. Tenforde, Manish M. Patel, Adit A. Ginde, David J. Douin, H. Keipp Talbot, Jonathan D. Casey, Nicholas M. Mohr, Anne Zepeski, Manjusha Gaglani, Tresa McNeal, Shekhar Ghamande, Nathan Shapiro, Kevin W. Gibbs, D. Clark Files, David N. Hager, Arber Shehu, Matthew E. Prekker, Heidi L. Erickson, Matthew C. Exline, Michelle N. Gong, Amira Mohamed, Daniel J. Henning, Jay S. Steingrub, Ithan D. Peltan, Samuel M. Brown, Emily T. Martin, Arnold S. Monto, Akram Khan, Catherine L. Hough, Laurence W. Busse, Caitlin C. ten Lohuis, Abhijit Duggal, Jennifer G. Wilson, Alexandra June Gordon, Nida Qadir, Steven Y. Chang, Christopher Mallow, Hayley B. Gershengorn, Hilary M. Babcock, Jennie H. Kwon, Natasha Halasa, James D. Chappell, Adam S. Lauring, Carlos G. Grijalva, Todd W. Rice, Ian D. Jones, William B. Stubblefield, Adrienne Baughman, Kelsey N. Womack, Christopher J. Lindsell, Kimberly W. Hart, Yuwei Zhu, Samantha M. Olson, Meagan Stephenson, Stephanie J. Schrag, Miwako Kobayashi, Jennifer R. Verani, Wesley H. Self

Summary: From March to May 2021, full vaccination using authorized mRNA products was associated with 87.1% protection against COVID-19 hospitalization among US adults, with lower effectiveness in adults with immunosuppression compared to those without. Vaccination was beneficial for patients with immunosuppression, but the effectiveness was lower in this population.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Letter Immunology

Increased immune escape of the new SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern Omicron

Jie Hu, Pai Peng, Xiaoxia Cao, Kang Wu, Juan Chen, Kai Wang, Ni Tang, Ai-long Huang

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Immunology

Omicron: A Heavily Mutated SARS-CoV-2 Variant Exhibits Stronger Binding to ACE2 and Potently Escapes Approved COVID-19 Therapeutic Antibodies

Masaud Shah, Hyun Goo Woo

Summary: The new SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron has enhanced transmissibility and multiple mutations that may weaken the effectiveness of therapeutic antibodies. Computational studies have shown that Omicron binds to ACE2 with a higher strength and specific mutations contribute significantly to the binding energies. These mutations also result in a drop in the electrostatic potential between RBDOmic and monoclonal antibodies, particularly etesevimab, bamlanivimab, and CT-p59. Sotrovimab, which targets a conserved epitope on the Spike protein, could be used as a cocktail therapy for Omicron-driven COVID-19.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Immunology

Large-Scale Study of Antibody Titer Decay following BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine or SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Ariel Israel, Yotam Shenhar, Ilan Green, Eugene Merzon, Avivit Golan-Cohen, Alejandro A. Schaeffer, Eytan Ruppin, Shlomo Vinker, Eli Magen

Summary: This study demonstrates that individuals who received the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine have higher initial levels of antibodies compared to patients who had been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, but experience a much faster exponential decrease in antibody levels.

VACCINES (2022)

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Review Immunology

Interferon-γ: teammate or opponent in the tumour microenvironment?

Angela M. Gocher, Creg J. Workman, Dario A. A. Vignali

Summary: IFN gamma plays pleiotropic roles in the tumor microenvironment, acting as both a 'teammate' to promote antitumor immune responses and an 'opponent' promoting tumor growth and suppressing immune responses.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Allergy

EAACI guideline: Anaphylaxis (2021 update)

Antonella Muraro, Margitta Worm, Cherry Alviani, Victoria Cardona, Audrey DunnGalvin, Lene Heise Garvey, Carmen Riggioni, Debra de Silva, Elizabeth Angier, Stefania Arasi, Abdelouahab Bellou, Kirsten Beyer, Diola Bijlhout, Maria Beatrice Bilo, Carsten Bindslev-Jensen, Knut Brockow, Montserrat Fernandez-Rivas, Susanne Halken, Britt Jensen, Ekaterina Khaleva, Louise J. Michaelis, Hanneke N. G. Oude Elberink, Lynne Regent, Angel Sanchez, Berber J. Vlieg-Boerstra, Graham Roberts

Summary: The updated guideline on anaphylaxis emphasizes early recognition and prompt use of intramuscular adrenaline as first-line management. It also recommends comprehensive training for people at risk of anaphylaxis and improving healthcare professionals' management skills. Additionally, the urgent need for clinical trials to improve patient management in anaphylaxis is highlighted.

ALLERGY (2022)

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Review Immunology

Monkeypox: A Contemporary Review for Healthcare Professionals

Boghuma K. Titanji, Bryan Tegomoh, Saman Nematollahi, Michael Konomos, Prathit A. Kulkarni

Summary: Monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic disease of global health concern that has significant epidemic potential. Healthcare professionals worldwide should familiarize themselves with the clinical presentations and management of this viral infection, especially in light of ongoing outbreaks.

OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

IL-1 and IL-1ra are key regulators of the inflammatory response to RNA vaccines

Siri Tahtinen, Ann-Jay Tong, Patricia Himmels, Jaehak Oh, Andres Paler-Martinez, Leesun Kim, Sara Wichner, Yoko Oei, Mark J. McCarron, Emily C. Freund, Zhainib Adel Amir, Cecile C. de la Cruz, Benjamin Haley, Craig Blanchette, Jill M. Schartner, Weilan Ye, Mahesh Yadav, Ugur Sahin, Lelia Delamarre, Ira Mellman

Summary: Lipid-formulated RNA vaccines can cause systemic inflammatory responses in humans, which were not predicted in preclinical studies. The IL-1 pathway plays a key role in triggering vaccine-induced inflammation, but this effect is dampened in mice.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Immunology

Trust in government, intention to vaccinate and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: A comparative survey of five large cities in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia

Mallory Trent, Holly Seale, Abrar Ahmad Chughtai, Daniel Salmon, C. Raina MacIntyre

Summary: There is widespread hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccines in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Age is the only sociodemographic characteristic that predicted willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine in all five cities. Confidence in the current government was associated with willingness to vaccinate in Sydney and Melbourne, but was associated with lower willingness in NYC and Phoenix.

VACCINE (2022)

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Review Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines, and Host Immunity

Priyal Mistry, Fatima Barmania, Juanita Mellet, Kimberly Peta, Adele Strydom, Ignatius M. Viljoen, William James, Siamon Gordon, Michael S. Pepper

Summary: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent COVID-19 pandemic has led to the development of vaccines and investigation into the immune response to the virus. Variants of the virus have presented challenges to vaccine effectiveness. It is important to understand the immune memory response and continue to develop new antibody treatments and future vaccine approaches.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Immunology

Imported Monkeypox from International Traveler, Maryland, USA, 2021

Varea Costello, Madeleine Sowash, Aahana Gaur, Michael Cardis, Helena Pasieka, Glenn Wortmann, Sheena Ramdeen

Summary: A case of monkeypox was diagnosed in a traveler from Nigeria who returned to Maryland, USA. The implementation of prompt infection control measures prevented secondary cases among 40 healthcare workers who were exposed. Given the global health implications, it is crucial for public health systems to be equipped with effective strategies to mitigate the potential spread of monkeypox.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Review Immunology

Response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in immune mediated inflammatory diseases: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Anuraag Jena, Shubhra Mishra, Parakkal Deepak, Praveen Kumar-, Aman Sharma, Yusuf Patel, Nicholas A. Kennedy, Alfred H. J. Kim, Vishal Sharma, Shaji Sebastian

Summary: The treatment for COVID-19 often involves immune-modulating drugs, which are also used in immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). This systematic review examines the seroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with IMIDs and the impact of different drugs on seroconversion rates. The findings suggest that patients with IMIDs have lower seroconversion rates, and certain therapies have no impact on seroconversion rates while others result in poorer responses.

AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS (2022)

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Article Immunology

The Effectiveness of the Two-Dose BNT162b2 Vaccine: Analysis of Real-World Data

Gabriel Chodick, Lilac Tene, Ran S. Rotem, Tal Patalon, Sivan Gazit, Amir Ben-Tov, Clara Weil, Inbal Goldshtein, Gilad Twig, Dani Cohen, Khitam Muhsen

Summary: The study evaluated the real-world effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine in Israel, showing a significantly reduced incidence of infection during the protection period compared to the reference period. The vaccine demonstrated 90% effectiveness in preventing infection and 94% effectiveness against COVID-19, with lower efficacy observed in immunosuppressed elderly individuals.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Review Immunology

How the immune system shapes atherosclerosis: roles of innate and adaptive immunity

Payel Roy, Marco Orecchioni, Klaus Ley

Summary: Atherosclerosis involves an inappropriate inflammatory response, with crucial roles played by immune cells. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of immune cells in atherosclerosis is crucial for developing therapeutic interventions.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Letter Immunology

Probable Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Quarantine Hotel, Hong Kong, China, November 2021

Haogao Gu, Pavithra Krishnan, Daisy Y. M. Ng, Lydia D. J. Chang, Gigi Y. Z. Liu, Samuel S. M. Cheng, Mani M. Y. Hui, Mathew C. Y. Fan, Jacob H. L. Wan, Leo H. K. Lau, Benjamin J. Cowling, Malik Peiris, Leo L. M. Poon

Summary: Despite strict quarantine precautions, transmission of the Omicron variant occurred between fully vaccinated travelers in a quarantine hotel in Hong Kong, China.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Review Immunology

Immune cell-mediated features of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Thierry Huby, Emmanuel L. Gautier

Summary: NASH is a serious chronic liver disorder with increasing prevalence globally. Metabolic disturbance and the role of immune cells are crucial in its onset and progression. Understanding the mechanisms by which immune cells contribute to NASH pathogenesis is essential for the development of innovative drugs targeting NASH.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Immunology

A guide to antigen processing and presentation

Novalia Pishesha, Thibault J. Harmand, Hidde L. Ploegh

Summary: This article provides an overview of antigen processing and presentation pathways, explaining how antigenic peptides are loaded onto MHC molecules for detection by T cells. These pathways are essential for adaptive immunity and involve several steps for acquiring and presenting antigens for T cell recognition.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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