The role of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor in malignancy: An update

In the past three decades, evidence has been accumulating that: the ICE-I receptor/ligand system plays an important role in malignant disease. This has led to a search for specific inhibitors of the ICF receptor for cancer therapy, revealing some predictable, but also unexpected challenges. Here we review recent data that highlight the essential role of the IGF axis in several important steps in cancer cell progression and metastasis and highlight cellular processes that have been the focus of much interest and new insight in recent years. Strategies used to target the IGF axis clinically are summarized and the obstacles encountered are discussed. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.