Journal
GLIA
Volume 57, Issue 2, Pages 194-206Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/glia.20746
Keywords
AIDS; opioid; heroin; drug abuse; glial cell; neuroAIDS; transgenic; cell death; myelin
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Funding
- NIH [P01 DA19398 + R01 DA24461]
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals who abuse opiates show faster progression to AIDS, and enhanced incidence of HIV-1 encephalitis. Most opiates with abuse liability are preferential agonists for p-opioid receptors (MORs), and MORs are expressed on both neurons and glia, including oligodendrocytes (OLs). Tat, gp120, and other viral toxins, cause neurotoxicity in vitro and/or when injected into brain, and co-exposure to opiates can augment HIV-1 protein-induced insults to both glial and neuronal populations. We examined the effects of HIV-1. Tat +/- opiate exposure on OL survival and differentiation. In vivo studies utilized transgenic mice expressing Tat(1-86) regulated by an inducible glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter. Although MBP levels were unchanged on immunoblots, certain structural and apoptotic indices were abnormal. After only 2 days of Tat induction, OLs showed an upregulation of active caspase-3 that was enhanced by morphine exposure. Tat also upregulated TUNEL staining, but only in the presence of morphine. Tat significantly reduced the length of processes in Golgi-Kopsch impregnated OLs. A greater proportion of cells exhibited diminished or aberrant cytoplasmic processes, especially when mice expressing Tat were co-exposed to morphine. Collectively, our data show that OLs in situ are extremely sensitive to effects of Tat +/- morphine, although it is not clear if immature OLs as well as differentiated OLs are targeted equally. Significant elevations in caspase-3 activity and TUNEL labeling, and evidence of increased degeneration/regeneration of OLs exposed to Tat +/- morphine suggest that toxicity toward OLs may be accompanied by heightened OL turnover. (C) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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