Journal
GEOMORPHOLOGY
Volume 206, Issue -, Pages 58-66Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.09.018
Keywords
Bioturbation; Self-organized; Emergent features; Gophers
Funding
- Division Of Earth Sciences
- Directorate For Geosciences [1043051, 1339015] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Mima mounds are similar to 1-m-high hillocks found on every continent except Antarctica. Despite often numbering in the millions within a single field, their origin has been a mystery, with proposed explanations ranging from glacial processes to seismic shaking. One hypothesis proposes that mounds in North America are built by burrowing mammals to provide refuge from seasonally saturated soils. We test this hypothesis with a numerical model, parameterized with measurements of soil transport by gophers from a California mound field, that couples animal behavior with geomorphic processes. The model successfully simulates the development of the mounds as well as key details such as the creation of vernal pools, small intermound basins that provide habitat for endemic species. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the spatial structure of the modeled mound fields is similar to actual mound fields and provides an example of self-organized topographic features. We conclude that, scaled by body mass, Mima mounds are the largest structures built by nonhuman mammals and may provide a rare example of an evolutionary coupling between landforms and the organisms that create them. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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