Journal
GENESIS
Volume 46, Issue 4, Pages 214-228Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20382
Keywords
copper; development; genetics; homeostasis; iron; knockout mice; review; zinc
Categories
Funding
- NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK063975, R01 DK063975-07A1, R01 DK063975-06S1, DK063975, R01 DK059369, R01 DK059369-06, DK059369] Funding Source: Medline
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES [R01DK063975, R01DK059369] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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The essential metals copper, zinc, and iron play key roles in embryonic, fetal, and postnatal development in higher eukaryotes. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecules involved in the intricate control of the homeostasis of these metals and the availability of natural mutations and targeted mutations in many of the genes involved have allowed for elucidation of the diverse roles of these metals during development. Evidence suggests that the ability of the embryo to control the homeostasis of these metals becomes essential at the blastocyst stage and during early morphogenesis. However, these metals play unique roles throughout development and exert pleiotropic, metal-specific, and often cell-specific effects on morphogenesis, growth, and differentiation. Herein, we briefly review the major players known to be involved in the homeostasis of each of these essential metals and their known roles in development.
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