Retention of gene products in syncytial spermatids promotes non-Mendelian inheritance as revealed by the t complex responder

The t complex responder (Tcr) encoded by the mouse t haplotype is able to cause phenotypic differences between t and + sperm derived from t/+ males, leading to non-Mendelian inheritance. This capability of Tcr contradicts the concept of phenotypic equivalence proposed for sperm cells, which develop in a syncytium and actively share gene products. By analyzing a Tcr minigene in hemizygous transgenic mice, we show that Tcr gene products are post-meiotically expressed and are retained in the haploid sperm cells. The wild-type allele of Tcr, sperm motility kinase-1 (Smok1), behaves in the same manner, suggesting that Tcr/Smok reveal a common mechanism prone to evolve non-Mendelian inheritance in mammals.