Journal
GASTROENTEROLOGY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA
Volume 38, Issue 1, Pages 27-+Publisher
W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2009.01.004
Keywords
Esophageal cancer; Risk factor; Tobacco; Alcohol; Socioeconomic status; Obesity; Acid reflux; Helicobacter pylori
Categories
Funding
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
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This article reviews the environmental risk factors and predisposing conditions for the two main histologic types of esophageal cancer. Tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, drinking mate, low intake of fresh fruits and vegetables, achalasia, and low socioeconomic status increase the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Results of investigations on other potential risk factors, including opium consumption, intake of hot drinks, eating pickled vegetables, poor oral health, and exposure to human papillomavirus, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, N-nitroso compounds, acetaldehyde, and fumonisins are discussed. Gastroesophageal reflux, obesity, tobacco smoking, hiatal hernia, achalasia, and, probably, absence of H pylori in the stomach increase the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Results of studies investigating other factors are also discussed.
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