Pollinator-mediated selection and experimental manipulation of the flower phenotype in Chloraea bletioides

P>1. While many studies of flower evolution have relied on the assessment of selection coefficients, these estimates represent correlative evidence of selection. Few studies have combined correlative with experimental evidence, and hence the mechanisms underlying selection processes are not well understood. 2. In this study we quantified the magnitude, direction and form of pollinator-mediated selection acting upon morphological traits in the Chilean endemic orchid Chloraea bletioides. Results revealed strong selection differentials for plant height and flower number, and absence of total selection for morphological flower characters. Multivariate analysis of selection revealed a strong and positive directional selection gradient for flower number. 3. The labellar lobe and flower tube were under negative correlational selection, indicating that selection promoted alternative combinations of traits. Plants with long floral tubes and small labellar lobes, and short floral tubes with large labellar lobes were selected for. Interestingly, selection on flower number increased at a higher rate through the female function than through the male function, which suggests that size-dependent resource limitation may be more important than pollinator-mediated selection for fruit set. 4. In addition to estimates of phenotypic selection, we evaluated through phenotype modification the impact of pollinators on the correlation and potential integration of flower traits coming from different whorls. We removed the tip of the lateral sepals and the labellar lobe in a 2 x 2 factorial design. 5. Results revealed that phenotypic modification had no effect on male and female fitness. The absence of effect was consistent with the low and non-significant selection coefficients. Nevertheless, the observation of significant correlational selection for labellar lobe and flower tube suggests that experimental studies performed on these characters may be of interest to evaluate the functional and adaptive integration of flower design in orchids.