Journal
FRONTIERS IN NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY
Volume 35, Issue 4, Pages 405-419Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.12.004
Keywords
Klinefelter syndrome; Turner syndrome; Four core genotypes; Sex differences; Behavior; Sexual differentiation
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Funding
- NCI NIH HHS [P30 CA044579] Funding Source: Medline
- NIDDK NIH HHS [T32 DK091317] Funding Source: Medline
- NIMH NIH HHS [R01 MH057759] Funding Source: Medline
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Sex chromosome genes directly influence sex differences in behavior. The discovery of the Sry gene on the Y chromosome (Gubbay et al., 1990; Koopman et al., 1990) substantiated the sex chromosome mechanistic link to sex differences. Moreover, the pronounced connection between X chromosome gene mutations and mental illness produces a strong sex bias in these diseases. Yet, the dominant explanation for sex differences continues to be the gonadal hormones. Here we review progress made on behavioral differences in mouse models that uncouple sex chromosome complement from gonadal sex. We conclude that many social and cognitive behaviors are modified by sex chromosome complement, and discuss the implications for human research. Future directions need to include identification of the genes involved and interactions with these genes and gonadal hormones. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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