Journal
FRONTIERS IN NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY
Volume 34, Issue 4, Pages 350-366Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.07.002
Keywords
Pain; Human; Animal; Viscera; Muscle; Estrogen; Testosterone; Primary afferents; Dorsal horn neuron; Brain imaging
Categories
Funding
- NIH [NS37424, DE022235]
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Women disproportionately suffer from many deep tissue pain conditions. Experimental studies show that women have lower pain thresholds, higher pain ratings and less tolerance to a range of painful stimuli. Most clinical and epidemiological reports suggest female gonadal hormones modulate pain for some, but not all, conditions. Similarly, animal studies support greater nociceptive sensitivity in females in many deep tissue pain models. Gonadal hormones modulate responses in primary afferents, dorsal horn neurons and supraspinal sites, but the direction of modulation is variable. This review will examine sex differences in deep tissue pain in humans and animals focusing on the role of gonadal hormones (mainly estradiol) as an underlying component of the modulation of pain sensitivity. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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