Journal
FRONTIERS IN NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY
Volume 33, Issue 1, Pages 85-104Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.10.001
Keywords
Estrogen; Brain; Cerebral ischemia; Stroke; Dementia; Menopause; Critical period; Hormone therapy
Categories
Funding
- NINDS [NS050730]
- National Institutes of Health, United States of America
- American Heart Association
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE [R01NS050730] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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17 beta-Estradiol (estradiol or E2) is implicated as a neuroprotective factor in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying E2 neureprotection in cerebral ischemia, as well as emerging evidence from basic science and clinical studies, which suggests that there is a critical period for estradiol's beneficial effect in the brain. Potential mechanisms underlying the critical period are discussed, as are the neurological consequences of long-term E2 deprivation (LTED) in animals and in humans after natural menopause or surgical menopause. We also summarize the major clinical trials concerning postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT), comparing their outcomes with respect to cardiovascular and neurological disease and discussing their relevance to the critical period hypothesis. Finally, potential caveats, controversies and future directions for the field are highlighted and discussed throughout the review. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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