Journal
FRONTIERS IN NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY
Volume 31, Issue 1, Pages 32-43Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.10.006
Keywords
Glucose; Cellular; Autonomic; Endocrine; Behavioral
Categories
Funding
- NINDS [N5029728]
- NIH [1-2007-605]
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation [1-2008-710]
- NIDDK [DK062471]
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES [R01DK062471] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE [R01NS029728] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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Glucose is the primary fuel for the vast majority of cells, and animals have evolved essential cellular, autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral measures to counteract both hypo- and hyperglycemia. A central component of these counterregulatory mechanisms is the ability of specific sensory elements to detect changes in blood glucose and then use that information to produce appropriate counterregulatory responses. Here we focus on the organization of the neural systems that are engaged by glucosensing mechanisms when blood glucose concentrations fall to levels that pose a physiological threat. We employ a classic sensory-motor integrative schema to describe the peripheral, hindbrain, and hypothalamic components that make up counterregulatory mechanisms in the brain. We propose that models previously developed to describe how the forebrain modulates autonomic reflex loops in the hindbrain offer a reasoned framework for explaining how counterregulatory neural mechanisms in the hypothalamus and hindbrain are structured. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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