Journal
FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE-LANDMARK
Volume 19, Issue -, Pages 447-474Publisher
FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.2741/4218
Keywords
AMPK; Cell cycle; ATP; AMP; Catabolism; Redox sensor; Review
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health [RO1 HL110488, RO1 HL105157, RO1 HL089920, RO1 HL080499, RO1 HL079584, RO1 HL074399]
- American Diabetes Association
- American Heart Association [11SDG5560036]
- Warren Chair in Diabetes Research of the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
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AMPK is a serine/threonine kinase that is found in all eukaryotes and is ubiquitously expressed in all organ systems. Once activated, AMPK stimulates hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis, inhibits cholesterol synthesis, lipogenesis, and triglyceride synthesis, inhibits adipocyte lipolysis and lipogenesis, stimulates skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation and muscle glucose uptake, and modulates insulin secretion by the pancreas. Thus its importance in many critical cellular processes is well established. For cells it is critical that energy supply and demand are closely matched. AMPK is recognized as a critical integrator of this balance. It is known to be allosterically activated by an increased AMP: ATP ratio. Activation of the kinase switches on catabolic pathways while switching off anabolic ones. It also acts as a redox sensor in endothelial cells where oxidative stress can disturb NO signaling. Abnormal NO signaling leads to disturbed vasodilatory responses. By inhibiting the formation of reactive oxygen species in the endothelium, AMPK can optimize the redox balance in the vasculature. Here, we review the role of AMPK in the cell.
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