Journal
FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
Volume 76, Issue -, Pages 208-226Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.046
Keywords
NADPH oxidase; p22phox; Oxygen-derived free radicals; Nox; Activity control; Phosphorylation
Funding
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [SFB815/TP1, SFB 834/TP2]
- Hugelschaffner-Stiftung
- Heinrich und Fritz-Riese-Stiftung
- DFG excellence cluster ECCPS
- Goethe University
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NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are important enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Numerous homologue-specific mechanisms control the activity of this enzyme family involving calcium, free fatty acids, protein-protein interactions, intracellular trafficking, and posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, or sumoylation. After a brief review on the classic pathways of Nox activation, this article will focus on novel mechanisms of homologue-specific activity control and on cell-specific aspects which govern Nox activity. From these findings of the recent years it must be concluded that the activity control of Nox enzymes is much more complex than anticipated. Moreover, depending on the cellular activity state, Nox enzymes are selectively activated or inactivated. The complex upstream signaling aspects of these events make the development of intelligent Nox inhibitors plausible, which selectively attenuate disease-related Nox-mediated ROS formation without altering physiological signaling ROS. This approach might be of relevance for Nox-mediated tissue injury in ischemia-reperfusion and inflammation and also for chronic Nox overactivation as present in cancer initiation and cardiovascular disease. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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