Journal
FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
Volume 61, Issue -, Pages 370-383Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.021
Keywords
Paraquat; MPP; Rotenone; roGFP; SOD; MnSOD; CuZnSOD; Porphyrins; Pesticides; Environmental; Parkinson's disease
Funding
- National Institutes of Health [P20RR17675, R01 HL103942]
- Research Council Interdisciplinary Grant
- Life Sciences Grant Program of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln
- Div Of Biological Infrastructure
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1156692] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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The loss of dopaminergic neurons induced by the parkinsonian toxins paraquat, rotenone, and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) is associated with oxidative stress. However, controversial reports exist regarding the source/compartmentalization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and its exact role in cell death. We aimed to determine in detail the role of superoxide anion (O-2(center dot-)), oxidative stress, and their subcellular compartmentalization in dopaminergic cell death induced by parkinsonian toxins. Oxidative stress and ROS formation were determined in the cytosol, intermembrane (IMS), and mitochondrial matrix compartments, using dihydroethidine derivatives and the redox sensor roGFP, as well as electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Paraquat induced an increase in ROS and oxidative stress in both the cytosol and the mitochondrial matrix prior to cell death. MPP+ and rotenone primarily induced an increase in ROS and oxidative stress in the mitochondrial matrix. No oxidative stress was detected at the level of the IMS. In contrast to previous studies, overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) or copper/zinc SOD (CuZnSOD) had no effect on alterations in ROS steady-state levels, lipid peroxidation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta Psi m), and dopaminergic cell death induced by MPP+ or rotenone. In contrast, paraquat-induced oxidative stress and cell death were selectively reduced by MnSOD overexpression, but not by CuZnSOD or manganese-porphyrins. However, MnSOD also failed to prevent Delta Psi m loss. Finally, paraquat, but not MPP+ or rotenone, induced the transcriptional activation of the redox-sensitive antioxidant response elements (ARE) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappa B). These results demonstrate a selective role of mitochondrial O-2(center dot-) in dopaminergic cell death induced by paraquat, and show that toxicity induced by the complex I inhibitors rotenone and MPP+ does not depend directly on mitochondrial O-2(center dot-) formation. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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