Journal
FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
Volume 51, Issue 10, Pages 1893-1902Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.08.019
Keywords
Chronic arsenic exposure; Mitochondria; Quercetin, meso-2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic acid; Nanocapsules; Free radicals
Funding
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India
- Supra Institutional Project
- IICB, Kolkata Project [SIP 0007]
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Chronic arsenic exposure causes oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the liver and brain. The ideal treatment would be to chelate arsenic and prevent oxidative stress. meso-2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) is used to chelate arsenic but its hydrophilicity makes it membrane-impermeative. Conversely, quercetin (QC) is a good antioxidant with limited clinical application because of its hydrophobic nature and limited bioavailability, and it is not possible to solubilize these two compounds in a single nontoxic solvent. Nanocapsules have emerged as a potent drug delivery system and make it feasible to incorporate both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds. Nanoencapsulated formulations with QC and DMSA either alone or coencapsulated in polylactide-co-glycolide [N(QC + DMSA)] were synthesized to explore their therapeutic application in a rat model of chronic arsenic toxicity. These treatments were compared to administration of quercetin or DMSA alone using conventional delivery methods. Both nanoencapsulated quercetin and nanoencapsulated DMSA were more effective at decreasing oxidative injury in liver or brain compared to conventional delivery methods, but coencapsulation of quercetin and DMSA into nanoparticles had a marked synergistic effect, decreasing liver and brain arsenic levels from 9.5 and 4.8 mu g/g to 2.2 and 1.5 mu g/g, respectively. Likewise, administration of coencapsulated quercetin and DMSA virtually normalized changes in mitochondrial function, formation of reactive oxygen species, and liver injury. We conclude that coencapsulation of quercetin and DMSA may provide a more effective therapeutic strategy in the management of arsenic toxicity and also presents a novel way of combining hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs into a single delivery system. 2011 Published by Elsevier Inc.
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