Detection of polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in pediatric hair as a tool for determining in utero exposure

Introduction: Cryptorchidism, or undescended/maldescended testis, is the most common birth defect of male genitalia. Its prevalence has been increasing over the past few decades. This may be due to an increase in the prevalence of anti-androgenic chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls, organochloride pesticides, plasticizers and fungicides. A newer group of chemicals, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), are being implicated as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. These chemicals are used worldwide in polymers that are incorporated into a variety of consumer products (e. g., textile, computers and televisions, insulating foam, electrical equipment and kitchen appliances). In order to quantify BFRs we introduce the use of hair levels of polybrominated diphenyl esters (PBDEs) as biomarkers of systemic exposure. This approach will allow for the estimation of in utero BFR exposure, in the process of evaluating the potential link between the incidence of cryptorchidism in newborn males and level of exposure of the pregnant mother to environmentally relevant BFRs. For that end we have developed a GC/MS assay in which children's hair is analyzed for the presence of polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Methods: In this pilot, 10-40 mg of hair from 24 children (12 newborn and 12 from children 1 to 15 years) was extracted overnight at 40 degrees C with 4 N HCl and hexane (4: 1). The samples were eluted from 2 g NaSO4:2 g Florisil SPE columns with 8 mL hexane. Dried samples are reconstituted with anhydrous isooctane and injected onto a GC/MS and analyzed for BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183 and BDE-209. Results: PBDEs were detected in all of the newborn and child hair. The Sigma PBDE ranged from 0.038 to 1.01 pg/mg newborn hair and from 0.208 to 2.695 ng/mg child hair. The most abundant PBDE in newborn hair was BDE-153 while in child hair the variable PBDEs were BDE-47 and BDE-99. The highest molecular weight congener BDE-209 was detected in 10/24 pediatric hair samples. The LOQ is 0.0625 pg/mg (BDE-209 0.625 pg/mg) and the efficiency of extraction was between 70 and 90%. Conclusion: This GC/MS method is sufficiently sensitive to detect the presence of all 8 PBDE congeners tested in as little as 10 mg of pediatric hair. The results show that PBDEs are present in newborn hair, making this matrix useful in examining in utero exposure to PBDEs and linking it to cryptorchidism. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.