Identification and characterization of papain-generated antioxidant peptides from palm kernel cake proteins

Novel peptides with antioxidant activity were isolated and identified from papain generated palm kernel cake (PKC) proteolysate. The proteolysate was fractionated into individual peptides based on hydrophobicity and isoelectric point using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and isoelectric focusing techniques. The individual peptides were identified by tandem mass spectrometry and their respective antioxidant activities were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and metal chelating activity assays. Peptide sequences, AWFS, WAF, and LPWRPATNVF showed the highest radical scavenging activities of 71%, 56%, and 50%, respectively, while peptide sequences GGIF, YGIKVGYAIP and YLLLK showed the highest metal chelating activities of 56%, 53%, and 50%, respectively. However, the best IC50 values of peptides measured by DPPH center dot assay were displayed by GIFE, GVQEGAGHYALL and GGIF at 0.02 mu M, 0.09 mu M and 035 mu M, respectively, while the best half maximal inhibitory concentration values measured using metal chelating activity were shown by LPWRPATNVF, AWFS and YGIKVGYAIP at 0.001 mu M, 0.002 mu M and 0.087 mu M, respectively. It can be concluded that the peptides derived from PKC proteolysate were more potent and distinctive compared to those previously reported from other plant protein sources. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.