Journal
FOOD HYDROCOLLOIDS
Volume 27, Issue 2, Pages 517-528Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.08.017
Keywords
Polymethoxyflavones; PMF; Poorly water-soluble drugs; Delivery systems; Nanoemulsion; Crystallization; Bioavailability; Functional foods; Nutraceuticals; Emulsion
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Funding
- EPA-NSF-NIFA (AFRI) [2010-05266]
- NIH [CA139174]
- University of Massachusetts Amherst
- National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station
- Department of Food Science
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Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) extracted from citrus peel exhibit potent anti-cancer activity, but are highly hydrophobic molecules with poor solubility in both water and oil at ambient and body temperature, which limits their bioavailability. The possibility of encapsulating PMFs within nanoemulsion-based delivery systems to facilitate their application in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products was investigated. The influence of oil type (corn oil, MCT, orange oil), emulsifier type (beta-lactoglobulin, lysolecithin, Tween, and DTAB), and neutral cosolvents (glycerol and ethanol) on the formation and stability of PMF-loaded nanoemulsions was examined. Nanoemulsions (r < 100 nm) could be formed using high pressure homogenization for all emulsifier types, except DTAB. Lipid droplet charge could be altered from highly cationic (DTAB), to near neutral (Tween), to highly anionic (b-lactoglobulin, lyso-lecithin) by varying emulsifier type. PMF crystals formed in all nanoemulsions after preparation, which had a tendency to sediment during storage. The size, morphology, and aggregation of PMF crystals depended on preparation method, emulsifier type, oil type, and cosolvent addition. These results have important implications for the development of delivery systems for bioactive components that have poor oil and water solubility at application temperatures. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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