Biofilm-forming ability and resistance to industrial disinfectants of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from fishery products

Adhesion and biofilm-forming ability of twenty six S. aureus strains previously isolated from fishery products on stainless steel was assessed. All strains reached counts higher than 10(4) CFU/cm(2) after 5 h at 25 degrees C. Most strains also showed a biofilm-forming ability higher than S. aureus ATCC 6538 reference strain in bactericidal standard tests - by crystal violet staining. In addition, it seems that food-processing could have produced a selective pressure and strains with a high biofilm-forming ability were more likely found in highly handled and processed products. The efficacy of the industrial disinfectants benzalkonium chloride (BAC), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and peracetic acid (PAA) against biofilms and planktonic counterparts was also examined in terms of minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), respectively. Biofilms showed an antimicrobial resistance higher than planktonic cells in all cases. However, no correlation was found between MBEC and MBC, likely due to differences in biofilm extracellular matrix (composition, content and architecture) between strains. BAC resistance increased as biofilms aged. Generally, biofilm formation seemed to attenuate the effect of low temperatures on BAC resistance. PAA was found to be most effective against both biofilms and planktonic cells, followed by NaClO and BAC. Resistance did not follow the same order for each biocide, which remarks the need of using a wide collection of strains in standard tests of bactericidal activity to ensure a proper application of disinfectants. Doses recommended by manufacturers for BAC, FAA and NaClO to disinfect food-contact surfaces were lower than doses for complete biofilm removal (i.e. MBEC) under some environmental conditions common in the food industry, which questions bactericidal standard tests and promotes the search for new strategies for biofilm removal. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.