Importance of position 8 in μ-conotoxin KIIIA for voltage-gated sodium channel selectivity

mu-conotoxin KIIIA from Conus kinoshitai is a 16-residue peptide that acts as a potent pore blocker of several voltage-gated sodium channels (Na-v). In order to obtain more selective blockers and to investigate the role of Trp at position 8, we substituted this residue with Arg, Gln and Glu. KIIIA and analogues were tested on a range of Na-v expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The rank order of potency for KIIIA was: rNa(v)1.4 >= rNa(v)1.2 > mNa(v)1.6 > rNa(v)1.3, with IC50 values of 48 +/- 6 nM, 61 +/- 5 nM, 183 +/- 31 nM and 3.6 +/- 0.3 mu M, respectively, whereas no effect was seen on hNa(v)1.5 and hNa(v)1.8 at a concentration of 10 mu M. Replacement of Trp8 resulted in more selective blockers with a preference for neuronal sodium channels over the skeletal sodium channel. The activity on rNa(v)1.4 was reduced about 40-, 70- and 200-fold for [W8R]KIIIA, [W8Q]KIIIA and [W8E]KIIIA, respectively. All analogues showed a completely reversible block of rNa(v)1.2, as opposed to the partial reversibility of KIIIA. At saturating concentrations, complete block of rNa(v)1.2 was never achieved. The residual current was lower than 10%, except for [W8E]KIIIA. KIIIA had no effect on the voltage dependence of activation of rNa(v)1.2, whereas all analogues caused a depolarizing shift. Overall, this study shows that Trp8 is a key residue in the pharmacophore. Replacement of Trp8 enables more selective blockers to be obtained for neuronal sodium channels. Trp is a key determinant for the reversibility of block of rNa(v)1.2.