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GRAIL: a unique mediator of CD4 T-lymphocyte unresponsiveness

Journal

FEBS JOURNAL
Volume 278, Issue 1, Pages 47-58

Publisher

WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07922.x

Keywords

anergy; cell cycle; de-ubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs); E3; GRAIL; RNF128; T-cell unresponsiveness; tolerance; ubiquitination; ubiquitin-protein ligase

Funding

  1. NIH [RO1 CA65237, U19 AI 082719, U19 AI70352]
  2. NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE [R01CA065237] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
  3. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES [T32AI007290, U19AI082719, U19AI070352] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER

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GRAIL (gene related to anergy in lymphocytes, also known as RNF128), an ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3), utilizes a unique single transmembrane protein with a split-function motif, and is an important gatekeeper of T-cell unresponsiveness. Although it may play a role in other CD4 T-cell functions including activation, survival and differentiation, GRAIL is most well characterized as a negative regulator of T-cell receptor responsiveness and cytokine production. Here, we review the recent literature on this remarkable E3 in the regulation of human and mouse CD4 T-cell unresponsiveness.

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