Journal
FASEB JOURNAL
Volume 28, Issue 6, Pages 2478-2491Publisher
FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL
DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-247015
Keywords
diabetes; heme metabolism; protein kinases
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Funding
- U.S. National Institutes of Health [ES004066]
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Insulin binding changes conformation of the insulin receptor kinase (IRK) domain and initiates glucose uptake through the insulin, IGF-1, phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and MAPK pathways; human biliverdin reductase (hBVR) is an IRK substrate and pathway effector. This is the first report on hBVR peptide-mediated IRK activation and conformational change. (KYCCSRK)-K-290, which increased IRK V-max without changing K-m, stimulated glucose uptake and potentiated insulin and IGF-1 stimulation in 4 cell lines. KYCCSRK in native hBVR was necessary for the hBVR and IRK cross-activation. Peptide treatment also activated PI3K downstream effectors, Akt and ERK, phosphorylation, and Elk transcriptional activity. In cells transfected with CMV-regulated EGFP-VP-peptide plasmid, C-292 -> A mutant did not stimulate glucose uptake; K-296 -> A decreased uptake and kinase activity. KEDQYMKMTV, corresponding to hBVR's SH2-binding domain, was a potent inhibitor of glucose uptake and IRK. The mechanism of action of peptides was examined using cells expressing IRK (aa 988-1263) activated by coexpressed KYCCSRK. Three active cysmutants of IRK, with fluorophore coupled to cysteines, C-1056, C-1138, or C-1234, were examined for changes in fluorescence emission spectra in the presence of peptides. KYCCSRK and KEDQYMKMTV bound to different sites in IRK. The findings identify novel agents for activating or inhibiting insulin signaling and offer a new approach for treatment of type 2 diabetes and hypoglycemia.
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