Journal
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
Volume 163, Issue 2, Pages A138-A149Publisher
ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC
DOI: 10.1149/2.0321602jes
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Funding
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office
- Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory [DE-AC02-06CH11357]
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Increasing the areal capacity or electrode thickness in lithium ion batteries is one possible means to increase pack level energy density while simultaneously lowering cost. The physics that limit use of high areal capacity as a function of battery power to energy ratio are poorly understood and thus most currently produced automotive lithium ion cells utilize modest loadings to ensure long life over the vehicle battery operation. Here we show electrolyte transport limits the utilization of the positive electrode at critical C-rates during discharge; whereas, a combination of electrolyte transport and polarization lead to lithium plating in the graphite electrode during charge. Experimental measurements are compared with theoretical predictions based on concentrated solution and porous electrode theories. An analytical expression is derived to provide design criteria for long lived operation based on the physical properties of the electrode and electrolyte. Finally, a guideline is proposed that graphite cells should avoid charge current densities near or above 4 mA/cm(2) unless additional precautions have been made to avoid deleterious side reaction. (C) The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS.
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