Journal
EXPERT REVIEW OF VACCINES
Volume 13, Issue 11, Pages 1361-1376Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.936852
Keywords
adjuvant; bilosomes; liposomes; M-cells; mucosal vaccine; nanoparticle-based vaccine; oral vaccine; virus-like particle
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Funding
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia
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Most infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic infiltrations from the mucosal tract. Therefore, vaccines delivered to the mucosal tissues can mimic natural infections and provide protection at the first site of infection. Thus, mucosal, especially, oral delivery is becoming the most preferred mode of vaccination. However, oral vaccines have to overcome several barriers such as the extremely low pH of the stomach, the presence of proteolytic enzymes and bile salts as well as low permeability in the intestine. Several formulations based on nanoparticle strategies are currently being explored to prepare stable oral vaccine formulations. This review briefly discusses several molecular mechanisms involved in intestinal immune cell activation and various aspects of oral nanoparticle-based vaccine design that should be considered for improved mucosal and systemic immune responses.
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