Journal
EXPERT REVIEW OF VACCINES
Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages 89-105Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.1586/ERV.09.144
Keywords
CTLA-4; immune regulation; immunotherapy myeloid-derived suppressor cells; PD-1; regulatory T cells; T cells
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Cancer vaccines designed to augment effector T-cell responses have been disappointing with respect to clinical efficacy. This lack of effectiveness may be due to the fact that regulatory mechanisms, both intrinsic and extrinsic to activated T cells, play important roles in inhibiting vaccine-induced effector T-cell responses. This concept raises the possibility that blockade of these regulatory checkpoints might enhance anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we discuss several regulatory mechanisms that act to control effector T-cell responses and identify strategies to circumvent these mechanisms in order to improve clinical responses.
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