Thymosin β4 inhibits PDGF-BB induced activation, proliferation, and migration of human hepatic stellate cells via its actin-binding domain

Objectives: Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) trans-differentiation is central to the development of liver fibrosis, marked by the expression of pro-fibrogenic genes and the proliferation and migration of activated HSC. Therefore, preventing and/or reverting the activation, proliferation, and migration of HSC may lead to new therapies for treating fibrosis/cirrhosis. Thymosin 4 (T4) inhibits PDGF-BB-induced fibrogenesis, proliferation and migration of HSC by blocking Akt phosphorylation. Here, we utilized T4-derived peptides: amino-terminal-Ac-SDKPDMAEIEKFDKS (1-15aa) and actin-binding-LKKTETQ (17-23aa) to investigate the molecular mechanisms in the anti-fibrogenic actions of T4.Methods: We used RT-PCR, Western blot, and proliferation and migration assays in early passages of human HSC cultures treated with PDGF-BB and/or T4 peptides.Results: We showed that 17-23aa but not 1-15aa inhibited PDGF-BB-dependent up-regulation of PDGF receptor, -SMA, and collagen 1. It also blunted the phosphorylation of Akt at T 308 and S473, resulting in the inhibition of phosphorylation of PRAS40, and HSC proliferation and migration. Interestingly, 1-15aa blocked Akt phosphorylation at S473, but not T308 by inhibiting mTOR phosphorylation, thus, it did not have any effect on HSC proliferation and migration.Conclusion: These findings suggest that while 1-15aa has a minor effect on Akt phosphorylation, the anti-fibrogenic actions of T4 are exerted via 17-23aa.