Ipilimumab in the treatment of melanoma

Introduction: Recent advances in the understanding of the complex cellular mechanisms regulating cancer immunity have led to new strategies in the development of cancer immunotherapy. Targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), a key negative regulator of immune activity, with the monoclonal antibody ipilimumab has shown promising clinical benefit in patients with advanced or metastatic melanoma. Areas covered: This review illustrates the pharmacology of ipilimumab and highlights the clinical evidence regarding its efficacy and safety in patients with advanced or metastatic melanoma. The unique clinical response pattern and class-specific immune-related toxicity profile associated with this biologic agent are also characterized. A literature search using PubMed database was undertaken using search words ipilimumab, anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, melanoma and tumor immunity barrier. Expert opinion: Ipilimumab, approved by the FDA for patients with advanced or metastatic melanoma based on the overall survival benefit when compared with a peptide vaccine, is a major breakthrough in the treatment of melanoma. While clinicians are embracing this innovative biologic agent, special attentions in patient selection, class-specific immune-related toxicities and their management as well as treatment response evaluation are needed.