Journal
EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH
Volume 178, Issue -, Pages 255-262Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.08.017
Keywords
Advanced glycation-end products; Age-related macular degeneration; Diabetic retinopathy; Cataracts; Diabetes; Aging; Glycemic index; Cornea; Retina; Trabecular meshwork; Vitreous; Retina; Optic nerve
Categories
Funding
- NIH [RO1 EY 13250, RO1 EY21212, RO1 EY26979]
- USDA [1950-510000-060-03A]
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (ARS)
- USDA AFRI Grant [12212122]
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Laboratory and epidemiological data indicate that high blood sugar levels and/or consuming high glycemia diets are linked to multiple age-related diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, cataract, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetic retinopathy, and, apparently glaucoma. High concentrations of blood sugar and perturbations of the systems that regulate blood sugar lead to the accumulation of advanced-glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are toxic compounds that are formed from the combination of sugars and their meta-bolites with biomolecules in a non-enzymatic biochemical reaction called glycation. In vitro and in vivo data indicate that high sugar consumption is associated with accumulation of AGEs in a variety of human tissues. Hyperglycemia, along with an oxidative environment and limited cell proliferation in many ocular tissues, encourages formation and precludes dilution of AGEs and associated damage by cell division. These circumstances make many eye tissues vulnerable to glycation-derived damage. Here, we summarize research regarding glycation-induced ocular tissue dysfunction and its contribution to the onset and development of eye disorders. We also discuss how management of carbohydrate nutrition may provide a low-cost way to ameliorate the progression of AGEs-related diseases, including age related macular degeneration and some cataracts, as they do for cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
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