Journal
EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
Volume 59, Issue 5, Pages 549-566Publisher
INT PRESS EDITING CENTRE INC
DOI: 10.1538/expanim.59.549
Keywords
calcium; calpain; gastrointestinal tracts; muscular dystrophy; proteolysis
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Funding
- MEXT.KAKENHI [18076007, 22770139, 20780106]
- JSPS.KAKENHI [19658057, 20370055]
- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare [20B-13]
- Takeda Science Foundation
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Calpains are intracellular Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases (Clan CA, family C02, EC 3.4.22.17) found in almost all eukaryotes and some bacteria. Calpains display limited proteolytic activity at neutral pH, proteolysing substrates to transform and modulate their structures and activities, and are therefore called modulator proteases. The human genome has 15 genes that encode a calpain-like protease domain, generating diverse calpain homologues that possess combinations of several functional domains such as Ca2+-binding domains and Zn-finger domains. The importance of the physiological roles of calpains is reflected in the fact that particular defects in calpain functionality cause a variety of deficiencies in many different organisms, including lethality, muscular dystrophies, lissencephaly, and tumorigenesis. In this review, the unique characteristics of this distinctive protease superfamily are introduced in terms of genetically modified animals, some of which are animal models of calpain deficiency diseases.
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