Journal
EVOLUTION
Volume 68, Issue 12, Pages 3537-3554Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/evo.12545
Keywords
Adaptation; epistasis; experimental evolution; NK model; Rough Mount Fuji; selection
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Funding
- Danish Research Council (FFF-FNU)
- European Research Council under the European Union [311341, 310944]
- French Ministere de la Recherche
- Bettencourt Foundation
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche [ANR-12-JSV7-0007]
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) [ANR-12-JSV7-0007] Funding Source: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)
- European Research Council (ERC) [310944, 311341] Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC)
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The fitness landscapethe mapping between genotypes and fitnessdetermines properties of the process of adaptation. Several small genotypic fitness landscapes have recently been built by selecting a handful of beneficial mutations and measuring fitness of all combinations of these mutations. Here, we generate several testable predictions for the properties of these small genotypic landscapes under Fisher's geometric model of adaptation. When the ancestral strain is far from the fitness optimum, we analytically compute the fitness effect of selected mutations and their epistatic interactions. Epistasis may be negative or positive on average depending on the distance of the ancestral genotype to the optimum and whether mutations were independently selected, or coselected in an adaptive walk. Simulations show that genotypic landscapes built from Fisher's model are very close to an additive landscape when the ancestral strain is far from the optimum. However, when it is close to the optimum, a large diversity of landscape with substantial roughness and sign epistasis emerged. Strikingly, small genotypic landscapes built from several replicate adaptive walks on the same underlying landscape were highly variable, suggesting that several realizations of small genotypic landscapes are needed to gain information about the underlying architecture of the fitness landscape.
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