Assessment of genetic diversity and plant growth promoting attributes of psychrotolerant bacteria allied with wheat (Triticum aestivum) from the northern hills zone of India

The biodiversity of wheat-associated bacteria from the northern hills zone of India was deciphered. A total of 247 bacteria was isolated from five different sites. Analysis of these bacteria by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) using three restriction enzymes, AluI, MspI and HaeIII, led to the grouping of these isolates into 19-33 clusters for the different sites at 75 % similarity index. 16S rRNA gene based phylogenetic analysis revealed that 65 %, 26 %, 8 % and 1 % bacteria belonged to four phyla, namely Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes, respectively. Overall, 28 % of the total morphotypes belonged to Pseudomonas followed by Bacillus (2 0 %), Stenotrophomonas (9 %), Methylobacterium (8 %), Arthrobacter (7 %), Pantoea (4 %), Achromobacter, Acinetobacter, Exiguobacterium and Staphylococcus (3 %), Enterobacter, Providencia, Klebsiella and Leclercia (2 %), Brevundimonas, Flavobacterium, Kocuria, Kluyvera and Planococcus (1 %). Representative strains from each cluster were screened in vitro for plant growth promoting traits, which included solubilisation of phosphorus, potassium and zinc; production of ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore; nitrogen fixation, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity and biocontrol against Fusarium graminearum, Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. Cold-adapted isolates may have application as inoculants for plant growth promotion and biocontrol agents for crops growing under cold climatic conditions.