Journal
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY
Volume 722, Issue -, Pages 79-94Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.075
Keywords
Nausea; Vomiting; Cyclic vomiting syndrome; Treatment; Physiopathology
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Nausea and vomiting are common gastrointestinal complaints which could be triggered by stimuli in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. They may be considered as defense mechanisms when threatening toxins/agents enter the gastrointestinal tract or there is excessive retention of gastrointestinal contents due to obstruction. The pathophysiology of nausea and vomiting is complex and much still remains unknown. Therefore, treatments are restricted or ineffective in many cases. Nausea and vomiting with functional etiologies including cyclic vomiting syndrome are challenging in gastroenterology. In this article, we review potential pathways, neurochemical transmitters, and their receptors which are possibly involved in the pathophysiology of nausea and vomiting including the entity cyclic vomiting syndrome. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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