Journal
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 44, Issue 7, Pages 1896-1903Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344292
Keywords
Antitumor immune responses; Liver X receptor(s); Oxysterols
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Funding
- Association For International Cancer Research (AICR, UK)
- Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC)
- Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Finalizzata)
- Worldwide Cancer Research [11-0751] Funding Source: researchfish
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Oxysterols are involved in maintaining cellular cholesterol levels. Recently, oxysterols have been demonstrated to modulate the function of immune cells and tumor growth. These effects can be dependent on the activation of the oxysterol-binding liver X receptors (LXRs) or, as recently demonstrated for T and B cells, DCs and neutrophils, can be independent of LXR activation. LXR-dependent oxysterol effects can be ascribed to the activation of LXR alpha, LXR beta or LXR alpha beta isoforms, which induces transcriptional activation or trans-repression of target genes. The prevalent activation of one isoform seems to be cell-, tissue-, or context-specific, as shown in some pathologic processes, i.e., infectious diseases, atherosclerosis, and autoimmunity. Oxysterol-LXR signaling has recently been shown to inhibit antitumor immune responses, as well as to modulate tumor cell growth. Here, we review the mechanisms that link oxysterols to tumor growth, and discuss possible networks at the basis of LXR-dependent
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